The Viceroyalty of New Granada, erected by Felipe V of Spain (1683-1746; King, 1700-1746) by trial in 1717-1723 and definitively from 1739-08-20, had formal existence until 1819- 12-17, the date on which the Congress of Angostura issued the Fundamental Law of the Republic of Colombia that ordered the union of the Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada (to which the Royal Audiences of Panama and Quito were subordinate) with the Captaincy General of Venezuela ( that had been separated from the Viceroyalty since 1742-02-12 and endowed with a Royal Audience since 1787-07-19) to give life to Colombia, on an immense territory that roughly corresponds to that currently occupied, as a whole, by the Republics of the New Kingdom of Granada, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela. The new political entity - traditionally called "Gran Colombia" to distinguish it from the nation that, in the fraction corresponding to the old New Granada, arose after the dismemberment - had an ephemeral existence. It expired, in practice, in 1829-11-26 after a popular pronouncement in Caracas that demanded the separation of Venezuela from the government of Bogotá and to ignore the authority of the Liberator-President. This page records notable events related to the history of Greater Colombia , of which brief accounts are offered, based on a variety of sources, which are presented ordered by date (year-month-day). To avoid confusion and to facilitate searches, references to countries and regions correspond to their current names . 1700-11-01 Spain, Madrid Carlos II of Spain, "The Bewitched" , (1661-1700; King, 1665-1700) dies . He succeeded his father Felipe IV of Spain (1605-1665; King, 1621-1665) under the regency of his mother Mariana of Austria (1634-1696; Queen Consort, 1649-1665; Regent, 1665-1675), advised by a Board of government. The excessive interference of the Flemish Jesuit Juan Everardo Nithard (1607-1681) displeased the nobility and in particular Juan José de Austria (1629-1679), bastard of Philip IV, who exiled the Regent when he managed to be appointed Prime Minister upon reaching his half-brother coming of age to assume the throne (1675). Until the "Peace of Ryswick" was finally achieved(1697) the reign of Charles II was complicated by a long series of warlike encounters motivated by the claims of Louis XIV (1638-1715; King of France, 1643-1715), in his capacity as consort of Maria Teresa (1638-1683 ; Queen Consort of France, 1660-1683), also daughter of Philip IV. In the absence of an heir, Carlos II appointed his great-nephew Felipe de Anjou, who succeeded him as Felipe V (1683-1746; King of Spain, 1700-1746) to inaugurate the Bourbon Dynasty in Spain. The death of Carlos II closed the cycle of the Austria / Habsburg Dynasty in Spain, initiated by Carlos I of Spain (1500-1558; King of Spain, 1516-1556). 1717-04-29 Spain, Segovia Presidency of New Granada temporarily erected in Viceroyalty. Royal Decree of Felipe V (1683-1746; King of Spain, 1700-1746), signed in Segovia, erects the New Kingdom of Granada in the Viceroyalty - the third, after those of Mexico (created on 1535-03-08) and Peru (created in 1542-11-20) - to which the Presidency of Quito (created in 1563-08-29) annexes. The erection was temporary and was suspended in 1723 to become permanent as of 1739. "… I have resolved by my Royal Decree of April 29 of this year [1717]that Viceroy be established and placed in the Audiencia that resides in the city of Santafé, New Kingdom of Granada, and be Governor, Captain General and President of it, in the same way as those of Peru and New Spain and with the same Faculties that are granted to them by the Laws, Cédulas and Royal Decrees, and all the pre-eminences and exemptions that are standardized, practiced and observed with them are kept; And I have also decided that the territory and jurisdiction that the said Viceroy, Audience and Court of Accounts of the city of Santafé must have, is and is the entire Province of Santafé, New Kingdom of Granada, those of Cartagena, Santa Marta, Maracaibo, that of Caracas, Antioquia, Guayana, Popayán, and that of San Francisco de Quito, with everything else and terms that are understood in it ... " In the same document, Felipe V appoints Antonio de La Pedrosa y Guerrero (c1660-d1720), of the Supreme Council of the Indies, so that "... it passes to Santafé and other parties that agree to establish and found the said Viceroyalty ..." until when it arrives the Viceroy who will be appointed in due course. In 1719 Pedrosa handed over the position to Jorge de Villalonga (1665-1735) and returned to Spain. Villalonga remained as Viceroy until 1724. In response to his repeated recommendations to return things to the original state, Felipe V proposed in 1723-11-05 that the New Kingdom of Granada return to its condition of Presidency. 1717-09-12 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Proto-Viceroy for the New Kingdom of Granada arrives in Cartagena. Embarked in Cádiz on 1717-07-22 Antonio de la Pedrosa y Guerrero (c1660-?) Arrived in Cartagena de Indias, commissioned by Felipe V (1683-1746; King of Spain, 1700-1746) so that "... he passed to Santafé and other parties that agree to establish and found the said Viceroyalty ... " until the Viceroy arrives that he will designate in due course. The high official had been Attorney General of Indians and Naturals of the Audiencia of Santafé (1685-1703) and years later Councilor in the Supreme Council of the Indies. Upon his arrival, Pedrosa found the ousted President Francisco Meneses Bravo de Saravia imprisoned in Castillo Grande, whom he graciously restored to his honors and jobs before communicating his royal determination to return to Spain without delay, for which purpose he provided the means. Pedrosa stopped for a few months in Cartagena before continuing to Santafé, where he arrived on 1718-06-07 to take formal possession of his position the following day. 1718-06-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Proto-Viceroy for the New Kingdom of Granada assumes command in Santafé. Antonio de la Pedrosa y Guerrero (c1660-?), Arrived the previous day from Cartagena de Indias, where he had remained since 1717-09-12, takes possession of command in Santafé. It is commissioned by Felipe V (1683-1746; King of Spain, 1700-1746) so that "... it passes to Santafé and other parties that agree to establish and found the said Viceroyalty ..." until the Viceroy arrives, who will be appointed in due course. 1723-11-05 Spain, Segovia Viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada returns as Presidency. Royal Decree of Felipe V (1683-1746; King of Spain, 1700-1746), signed at the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso, by which, returning to his decision of 1717-04-27 to raise the category of Viceroyalty to the Presidency of Santafé, of which "... little or no remedy ..." has been recognized, provides that things return to their previous state. In another change of opinion, the same King re-erected the Presidency of Santafé in the Viceroyalty in 1739-08-20, with some modifications regarding his decision of 1717-04-27. 1724-08-31 Spain, Madrid Luis I (1707-1724; King of Spain, 1724) dies. Son of Felipe V (1683-1746; King of Spain, 1700-1746) and Maria Luisa de Saboya (1688-1714; Queen Consort of Spain, 1701-1714). For the most ephemeral reign in the history of Spain, he acceded to the throne in 1724-01-15 due to the abdication of his father in his favor and succumbed to smallpox (Madrid, 1724-08-31) just when he was seventeen years old, Well, he was born on 1707-08-25. The then Crown Prince Luis had married (Lerma, Burgos, 1722-01-20) with Princess Luisa Isabel de Orleans (1709-1742), but left no descendants. On the death of the young King, his father reoccupied the throne until his own death on 1746-07-09. 1733-05-14 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Possession of President Rafael de Eslava y de La Saga (1688-1737). Born in Enériz, Navarra, in 1688-10-24. Colonel of the Royal Armies. President, Governor and Captain General of the New Kingdom of Granada by royal appointment (Seville, 1730-02-17), took office in Santafé on 1733-05-14. During his government the uprising and pacification of the Darien Indians took place. During those years, the French scientists Charles-Marie de La Condamine (1701-1774), Pierre Bouguer (1698-1758) and Louis Godin (1704-1760), members of the Geodesic Mission sent by the French Academy to visit the Caribbean coast. the Royal Audience of Quito to measure there the distance equivalent to one degree of latitude in terrestrial Ecuador, a mission accompanied by the famous Spanish sailors Jorge Juan y Santacilia (1713-1773) and Antonio de Ulloa (1716-1795). 1737-04-24 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé President Rafael de Eslava y de La Saga (1688-1737) dies. Born in Enériz, Navarra, in 1688-10-24. Colonel of the Royal Armies. President, Governor and Captain General of the New Kingdom of Granada by royal appointment (Seville, 1730-02-17), took office in Santafé on 1733-05-14. During his government the uprising and pacification of the Darien Indians took place. During those years, the French scientists Charles-Marie de La Condamine (1701-1774), Pierre Bouguer (1698-1758) and Louis Godin (1704-1760), members of the Geodesic Mission sent by the French Academy to visit the Caribbean coast. the Royal Audience of Quito to measure there the distance equivalent to one degree of latitude in terrestrial Ecuador, a mission accompanied by the famous Spanish sailors Jorge Juan y Santacilia (1713-1773) and Antonio de Ulloa (1716-1795). 1739-08-20 Spain, Madrid New Kingdom of Granada definitively re-erected in Viceroyalty. Royal provision of Felipe V (1683-1746; King of Spain, 1700-1746) by which, going back on his decision of 1723-11-05 to return the Viceroyalty of Santafé to its previous condition of Presidency, he re-erects it in Viceroyalty adding the Provinces of Chocó, Popayán, Venezuela, Quito and Guayaquil; and allowing the Presidencies of Quito and Panama to subsist but with subordination and dependence on the Viceroy of Nueva Granada. The new delimitation coincides, in general terms, with the one that would later have the so-called «Gran Colombia»(1819-1830). The project of reestablishment of the Viceroyalty, created in 1717-05-27 and suppressed in 1723-11-05, began to be considered by the Supreme Council of the Indies from the receipt of the "Relation of the State of the New Kingdom"sent in 1729 by Antonio Manso Maldonado (c1670-c1740; President of the Real Audiencia de Santafé, 1724-1731). It was taken up as a result of a letter from Rafael de Eslava y de La Saga (1688-1737; President of the Royal Audience of Santafé, 1733-1737) in 1734, supplemented at the request of the Supreme Council with the report rendered on 1734-08- 20 by the Real Official Accountant of Cartagena de Indias Bartolomé Tienda de Cuervo (hispanization of the Flemish surname Craywinckle of the official, born in Antwerp in 1682), a document that provides a complete and curious look at the living conditions at the time. However, nothing was decided until well into the year 1739. By Royal Decree of 1739-09-02, Felipe V (1683-1746; King of Spain, 1700-1746) appointed Field Marshal Sebastián de Eslava y de La Saga (1685-1759; Viceroy of New Granada, 1740-1749), 1742-02-12 Spain, Madrid Captaincy General of Venezuela freed from the jurisdiction of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. By Royal Decree of 1742-02-12, Felipe V (1683-1746; King of Spain, 1700-1746) made the Captaincy General of Venezuela independent from the Viceroyalty of New Granada: "... I have resolved to relieve and exempt the Government and General Captaincy of the Province of Venezuela of any dependency of that Viceroyalty [of the New Kingdom of Granada] notwithstanding the provisions and orders of me in the Royal Decree of August 20, 1739, by which I was served to add the aforementioned Province to that new Viceroyalty ... " Years later, in 1776-12-08, Carlos III (1716-1788; King of Spain, 1759-1788) created the Municipality of Caracas, to which in 1777-09-08 the same monarch added to his jurisdiction, " in governmental and military matters " , the surrounding Provinces (Cumaná, Maracaibo, Guayana, Trinidad and Margarita) and orders the Governors of said Provinces to obey the Captain General and carry out his orders. 1746-07-09 Spain, Madrid Felipe V (1683-1746; King of Spain, 1700-1746) dies. Second son of the then Delfin Luis of France (1661-1711), grandson of Luis XIV of France and great-grandson of Felipe IV of Spain. Under pressure from his French grandfather, he acceded to the Spanish throne by testamentary disposition of Carlos II "The Bewitched" (1661-1700; King, 1665-1700), the last Habsburg, who died without heir (1700-11-01). Felipe V inaugurated the Bourbon Dynasty on the Spanish throne. He married at the end of 1701 with María Luisa de Saboya (1688-1714; Reina Consorte, 1701-1714). When he was widowed in 1714, he married Isabel de Farnesio (1692-1766), daughter of the Duke of Parma. He was succeeded to the Spanish throne by Fernando VI (1713-1759; King of Spain, 1746-1759), his third son from his first marriage. 1750-01-13 Spain, Madrid «Treaty of Madrid» . In Madrid, Fernando VI (1713-1759; King of Spain, 1746-1759) and Juan V (1689-1750; King of Portugal, 1707-1750) signed a treaty to define the boundaries between their respective colonies in South America. This agreement follows the succession of boundary treaties signed between Spain and Portugal since the 15th century when, in 1479-08-04, the "Treaty of Alcáçovas" was signed . Based on the principle of Roman Law "Uti possidetis, ita possideatis" ["As you possess, possess"], he expanded the dominions of Portugal, leaving the limits of Brazil practically in their current state. 1750-03-28 Venezuela, Caracas Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816) is born. From the marriage (Caracas, 1749-04-24) of Sebastián de Miranda Ravelo (1721-1791), Canarian merchant established in Caracas, with the Caracas lady Francisca Rodriguez de Espinosa (? -1777), daughter of Portuguese and Canarian, the first-born Sebastián Francisco (1750-1816). He was baptized in the Cathedral of Caracas, on 1750-04-05. He died in Cádiz (1816-07-14) after languishing successively in prisons in Puerto Cabello, Puerto Rico and Cádiz ('La Carraca', Isla de León / San Fernando) since he was imprisoned in La Guaira (1812-07-31 ), under the charge of treason, at the time he was preparing to leave Venezuelan soil after the Capitulation (La Victoria, 1812-07-25) agreed with the royalist chief Domingo de Monteverde (1773-1832). 1750-05-03 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Viceroy Pizarro arrives in Santafé. José Alfonso Pizarro (1689-1754; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1749-1753), Marqués de Villar, Knight of the Order of San Juan, Gentleman of the Chamber of His Majesty, Lieutenant General of the Royal Navy, arrives at the capital of Nuevo Kingdom of Granada. Successor of Sebastián de Eslava (1684-1759; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1740-1749), before whom he swore and received the position in Cartagena de Indias on 1749-11-06. He remained in office until 1753-11-24, when he handed it over to his successor José Solís Folch de Cardona (1716-1770; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1753-1761). Viceroy Pizarro left Santafé, sick in one leg, to embark in Cartagena de Indias for Spain in 1753-12-01 and died during navigation. 1751-05-21 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño's father takes a job in Santafé. By Royal Decree of 1749-10-28, Fernando VI (1713-1759; King of Spain, 1746-1759) names Vicente de Nariño y Vásquez (n c1720, Santiago de Compostela) as Royal Official Accountant of the Cajas Matrices de Santafé in the New Kingdom of Granada. The new official was sworn in in Madrid before the Supreme Council of the Indies on 1750-05-14. At the beginning of 1751 he arrived in the viceregal capital in the company of the new Royal Official Treasurer of the same Matrices Antonio de Ayala y Tamayo (c1720-1777), whom he met in 1743 and with whom he maintained a lifelong friendship. Nariño entered to serve his destiny on 1751-05-21, with an annual allowance of 400,000 maravedís and after posting a bond for 8,000 ducats (ie, 3 million maravedís, at a rate of 375 maravedís per duchy). 1753-11-24 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Virrey Solís takes office. José Solís Folch de Cardona (1716-1770; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1753-1761), Field Marshal of the Royal Armies, Commander of Ademuz and Castelfabi, Knight of the Order of Montesa, First Lieutenant of the Third Company of Guards of Corps, succeeds José Alfonso Pizarro (1689-1754; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1749-1753), as Viceroy of the New Kingdom of Granada. He remained in his post until 1761-02-24, when he handed it over to his successor Pedro Messía de la Zerda (1700-1783; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1761-1773) and on 1761-02-28, instead of leaving for Spain, as perhaps everyone in Santafé expected, he entered the Convent of San Francisco in the capital, where he remained until his death on 1770-04-27. 1758-09-08 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Santafé Marriage of Vicente Nariño y Vásquez (c1720-1778) and Catalina Josefa (de Bernardo) Alvarez del Casal y Freiría (1739-1788), parents of Antonio Nariño y Alvarez (1765-1823 ). They had eight children, born between 1760 and 1774: six boys (José, Juan, Antonio, Joaquín, Manuel, Cayetano) and two girls (María Dolores, Benita). 1759-08-10 Spain, Madrid Ferdinand VI (1713-1759; King of Spain, 1749-1759) dies. He was the second son of Felipe V (1683-1746; King of Spain, 1700-1746) and Maria Luisa de Saboya (1688-1714; Queen Consort, 1701-1714). He ascended the throne on the death of his father in 1746. He married Bárbara de Braganza (Lisbon, 1711-Madrid, 1758) in 1729, but they had no children. The death of his wife (1758-08-27) affected him deeply and he soon followed her to the grave. He was succeeded by his stepbrother Carlos III (1716-1788; King, 1759-1788), son of Felipe V and his second wife Isabel de Farnesio (1692-1766), daughter of the Duke of Parma. 1761-02-24 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé The Viceroy Messía de la Zerda takes office. Pedro Messía de la Zerda (1700-1783; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1761-1773), Marqués de la Vega de Armijo, Knight Grand Cross of Justice of the Order of San Juan, Gentleman of the Chamber of His Majesty, Knight and Commander of the Golden Key, Dean of the Royal and Supreme Council of War, Lieutenant General of the Royal Navy, succeeds José Solís Folch de Cardona (1716-1770; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1753-1761). He remained in his post until 1772-10-31, when he handed it over to his successor Manuel Guirior (1708-1788; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1772-1776) and returned to Spain. 1762-03-19 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Religious profession of José Solís Folch de Cardona (1716-1770; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1753-1761). The Provincial in Santafé of the Order of San Francisco, fray Francisco Javier Zamudio, presided over the ceremony of profession of vows of fray José de Jesús María, as Viceroy Solís came to be called upon being received into the religious order after handing over command to him in 1761-02-24. The ceremony, which was attended by the notable of the viceregal capital, was jointly sponsored by Viceroy Pedro Messía de La Zerda (1700-1783; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1761-1773) and Archbishop José Javier de Arauz y Rojas (1691 -1764; Archbishop of Santafé, 1754-1764). 1762-07-03 New Kingdom of Granada, San Gil Pedro Fermín de Vargas Sarmiento is born. Rosario collegiate in Santafé, 1776-1782. Disciple of the wise man José Celestino Mutis (1732-1808) and member of his «Botanical Expedition». Officer of the Viceroy's Secretariat, accompanied Antonio Caballero y Góngora (1723-1796; Viceroy 1782-1789), Francisco Antonio Gil y Lemos (1733-1809; Viceroy, 1789), José de Ezpeleta (1739-1823; Viceroy, 1789 -1797). Corregidor of Zipaquirá, 1790-1791. In 1791-12 he escaped from the Viceroyalty to the Caribbean, from where he passed to North America and from there to Europe. His trace is lost from 1804 and is considered deceased in unknown circumstances and place (United States or England) around 1810. 1763-02-10 France, Paris «Treaty of Paris» . Signed between the Kingdoms of England, France and Spain after the victory achieved by England and Prussia over France and Spain at the end of the "Seven Years War" (1756-1763) in North American territory, also remembered as the "Franco-War. Indígena ” ( 'French and Indian War' ). By virtue of it, France cedes to England most of its possessions in North America and to Spain cedes the territory of Louisiana, west of the Mississippi River. 1763-10-07 England, London Royal Proclamation of George III (1738-1820; King of England and Ireland, 1760-1820) by which England assumes the administration of the possessions ceded by France under the signed "Treaty of Paris" on 1763-02-10. Seeking to put a stop to the territorial disputes between the British colonists and the indigenous population set the western limit of the North American Colonies. 1765-03-22 England, London 'Stamp Act' . In order to obtain additional resources needed to meet the costs of provision of British troops in the American colonies, Parliament adopted in London 'Stamp Act' ( 'Stamp Act' ) which imposes taxes roles of various types circulating in the colonies; as a complement, two days later it also approves the so-called 'Accommodation Laws' ( 'Quartering Acts'), which impose an obligation on the Colonies to house and maintain the troops. Several of them react angrily to what they consider flagrant violations of their rights. In Virginia, on 1765-05-29, its House of Burgesses declares that, under British law, the imposition of taxes does not proceed except by an assembly with formal representation of those affected by them. On 1765-10-19, in New York City, delegates from nine Colonies meet in a "Continental Congress" (also remembered as the 'Stamp Act Congress' ) that demands the repeal of these laws. 1765-04-09 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Antonio Amador José Nariño y Alvarez is born, third son of Vicente Nariño and Vásquez and Catalina (from Bernardo) Alvarez del Casal y Freiria, married in Santafé in 1758-09-08. Five days old, he was baptized in the Cathedral by the Augustinian friar Ignacio López, with Antonio de Ayala and Tamayo as godfather and Antonio Doncel as witness. He married (Santafé, 1785-03-27) with María Magdalena de Ortega y Mesa (1762-1811), a marriage of which there were six children: Gregorio, Francisco, Antonio, Vicente, Mercedes, Isabel. Antonio Nariño died in Villa de Leyva, in 1823-12-13. 1765-10-19 British North America, New York "Continental Congress of 1765" . Delegates from nine British colonies in North America meet a "Continental Congress" (also remembered as ' Stamp Act Congress' ) to consider a response to the onerous laws recently approved by the London Parliament - 'Stamp Act' ( 'Stamp Act ' ) at 1765-03-22; and, 'Housing Laws' ( 'Quartering Acts' ) in 1765-03-24 - with the purpose of meeting the costs of manning and lodging British troops in the North American Colonies. Considering that under British laws the imposition of taxes does not proceed except by an assembly with formal representation of those affected by them, the British colonists demand the repeal of these laws. The response of the English Parliament in 1766-03-18 fails to calm the spirits. 1766-03-18 England, London 'Declaratory Act of 1766' . The British Parliament agrees to repeal its tax laws passed in March of the previous year and angrily rejected by the 'Continental Congress' (also remembered as 'Stamp Act Congress') assembled in New York from 1765-10-19 on the grounds that under British law the imposition of taxes does not proceed but by an assembly with formal representation of those affected by them. It does not stop declaring, however, that the British Parliament maintains complete and total authority to legislate and establish whatever it deems appropriate around the Colonies and they cannot excuse themselves from obeying its mandates. The tug of war between the metropolis and its Colonies continues over the years, with various incidents, until it ends - with particular impulse from the 'Boston Tea Party' (1773-12-16) - first in the Declaration of Independence (Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1776-07-04) and then, after the long struggle to obtain it, in the "Treaty of Paris" (1783-09-03) that formalized it. 1767-04-02 Spain, Madrid Expulsion of the Jesuits. From the Royal Palace of El Pardo in Madrid, Carlos III (1716-1788; King of Spain, 1759-1788) issues Pragmatic Sanction ordering the expulsion of the members of the Society of Jesus from the domains of the Spanish Crown and the confiscation of the patrimony of the religious Order in favor of the Royal Treasury. Previously there had been expulsions from Portugal (1759), and from France (1762); and later there was the absolute suppression of the Society of Jesus by Pope Clement XIV (1773-07-21, Brief Apostolic "Dominus ac Redemptor"), although it remained in Prussia and Russia (Kingdoms where the publication of the Brief Apostolic was prohibited). Forty-one years later, Pope Pius VII restored the Society of Jesus (1814-07-31, Bull "Sollicitudo Omnium Ecclesiarum" ). For his part, in 1815-05-29 Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1814-1833) authorized the return of the Jesuits to his dominions. 1769-08-15 France, Corsica, Ajaccio Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) is born. Republican general during the Revolution and the Directorate, he was the architect of the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (1799-11-09) that made him First Consul of the Republic. Consul for life from 1802-08-02 until his proclamation as Emperor of the French (1804-05-18), crowned on 1804-12-02; and later proclaimed King of Romans (1805-03-18), crowned on 1805-05-26. He held both titles until 1814-04-11 and, later, during the fleeting restoration of the "Hundred Days"between 1815-03-20 and 1815-06-22. For little more than a decade, Napoleon took control of almost all of Western and Central Europe through a series of conquests and alliances. After his defeat in the Battle of the Nations (1813-10-16-19), near Leipzig, he was forced to abdicate (Paris, 1814-04-03 and 06) and was confined to the Isle of Elba. He escaped to return to France and briefly to power during the restoration of "Hundred Days" , before being definitively defeated at Waterloo, Belgium (1815-06-18). In 1815-07-15 he was sent into exile by the British to a remote possession on the Island of Santa Elena, in the South Atlantic, more than 1,800 km from the west coast of Angola, Africa. There he died on 1821-05-05. 1772-10-31 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Viceroy Manuel Guirior assumes office. Manuel Guirior (1708-1788; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1772-1776), Knight of the Order of San Juan, Lieutenant General of the Royal Navy, succeeds Pedro Messía de la Zerda (1700-1783; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1761 -1773). He remained in his position until 1776-02-10, when he handed it over to his successor Manuel Antonio Flórez (1723-1799; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1776-1782) and returned to Spain. 1773-12-16 British North America, Massachusetts, Boston 'Boston Tea Party'. Political-mercantile protest of the 'Sons of Liberty' in rejection of the 'Tea Act' ('Tea Act', 1773-05-10) that allowed the British East India Company to sell Chinese tea in the North American Colonies without the tax payment. In the midst of the protest, some of the protesters, disguised as indigenous people so as not to be recognized, destroyed a shipment of tea sent by the British marketer. The protest marks the beginning of the struggle for the liberation of the British colonies in North America as it will lead the response of the British Parliament in the form of 'Coercive Laws' ( 'Coercive Acts' ) of 1774 that ended the relative autonomy of Massachusetts local government and temporarily banned commerce in Boston. 1775-04-19 British North America, Massachusetts Battles of Lexington and Concord. They occurred in Middlesex County, Massachusetts Bay Province, between the towns of Lexington, Concord, Lincoln, Menotomy (now Arlington), and Cambridge. In 1775 Boston was under the military control of British General Thomas Gage (1719-1787), who decided to confiscate cannons and gunpowder that colonists had accumulated in the town of Concord (Massachusetts), twenty miles northwest of Boston, and for the effect sent a picket of soldiers on 1775-04-19. The settlers, previously informed, rejected the soldiers. They were the first warlike encounters in the American Revolutionary War and marked the beginning of hostilities between the Kingdom of Great Britain and its thirteen North American Colonies. 1775-05-05 Spain, Castilla, Fuentesecas (Zamora) Pablo Morillo is born. Pablo Morillo y Morillo was born in the small town of Fuentesecas, Province of Zamora in the Kingdom of Castilla. His parents Lorenzo and María Morillo descended from peasants in the area and little is known about their immediate family, made up of at least one other brother of the same name as their father. The future Peacekeeper, Captain General of Venezuela, Count of Cartagena and Marqués de La Puerta, Captain General of Castilla La Nueva, ran away from home at the age of fifteen to enlist in the Royal Navy (1791-03-19). He died on 1837-07-27, in Barèges, France. 1776-02-10 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Manuel Antonio Flórez Maldonado (Seville, Andalusia, 1723-Madrid, 1799; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1776-1782) receives the command of his predecessor Manuel de Guirior y Portal (Villa de Aoyz, Navarra, 1708-Madrid, 1788; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1772-1776). 1776-05-21 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Santafé Manuel Antonio Flórez Maldonado (1723-1799; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1776-1782), who three months ago (Cartagena de Indias, 1776-02-10) received the command of his predecessor Manuel de Guirior y Portal (1708-1788; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1772-1776), was formally received in the viceregal capital. 1776-07-04 United States, Philadelphia (Pennsylvania) Second Continental Congress approves "Declaration of Independence" (in its original version, 'The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States of America') of the thirteen British colonies in North America. Seeking the union of opinions among all North Americans, particularly those from the South who opposed the idea of separation, the Continental Congress declared the independence of the English colonies in North America from Great Britain. The document based on the law of nations was drawn up by Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826; President, 1801-1809) and, with slight modifications, unanimously adopted by 55 representatives of the thirteen original colonies (the number of signatories in parentheses): Connecticut (4), Delaware (3), Georgia (3), Maryland (4), Massachusetts (5), New Hampshire (3), New Jersey (5), New York (4), North Carolina (3), Pennsylvania ( 9), Rhode Island (2), South Carolina (4), Virginia (7). General George Washington (1732-1799; President, 1789-1797) crossed the Delaware River to triumph at Trenton (New Jersey, 1776-12-26) and Princeton (New Jersey, 1777-01-03). Thus begins the revolutionary war that will end years later with the signing of the"Treaty of Paris" (1783-09-03) 1776-08-01 Spain, Madrid Temporary creation of the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata. Royal Decree of Carlos III formalizes the appointment of the Governor of Madrid, Captain General Pedro de Cevallos (1715-1778), as Commander of the Expedition to South America who was enlisting in Cádiz, also giving him command over the Provinces of the Royal Court de Charcas and the Corregimiento de Cuyo as Viceroy and Captain General. Once the expedition was concluded, Cevallos had to return to his position in Madrid, "... then leaving the military and political command of the Provinces of the Río de la Plata in the terms in which they have been until now ..." This Royal Decree created a personal Viceroyalty in favor of Cevallos for the duration of their stay in the territory - dispensed with the formalities and requirements stipulated to the Viceroys in the Laws of the Indies - in order to make available the resources available in the territories. of Alto Perú, the Governors of Paraguay, Tucumán and Río de la Plata and the Corregimiento de Cuyo. The Royal Decree stated "... that after you are sailing, leaving Cádiz, you will recognize yourself as such Viceroy, Governor and Captain General in all warships and transport, so that they are in this intelligence and are at your orders, how many are embarked on them ... " The fleet left Cádiz in 1776-11-13. The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata reached its final status from 1777-10-27. 1776-12-08 Spain, Madrid Creation of the Municipality of Caracas. Real Cédula de Carlos III (1716-1788; King of Spain, 1759-1788) creates the Municipality of Caracas: "... I have considered that equal or greater benefits can be obtained in the Provinces of Venezuela, Cumaná, Guayana and Maracaibo and Islands of Trinidad and Margarita, establishing in them their own method [ie, the method used with fruit in Castile]. To this end and that of promoting populations, agriculture and trade, I have decided to create for the aforementioned provinces and islands an Intendant with residence in the city of Santiago de León de Caracas, capital of the [Province]of Venezuela, that knows of the two classes of Treasury and War and others that are expressed, in the same conformity that the Army Intendants do in Castile ... " By virtue of the same royal providence, the Province of Maracaibo was separated of the Viceroyalty of New Granada and incorporated into the Municipality of Caracas: "... The Mayor [of Caracas]He must have exclusive knowledge of all the incomes, branches or rights, which in any way or form belong to my Royal Treasury, with all the incident and dependent and attached to it, whether they are governed by administration or are already in lease or in another disposition, the Governor of Caracas and the other Governors of Cumaná, Guayana, Trinidad, Margarita and Maracaibo being, by the same fact, inhibited and separated from the knowledge of all the affairs of the Royal Treasury, and its incidents; And as regards this last Province, the Viceroy of Santa Fe will also remain, to whose Viceroyalty it is incorporated, because by the present providence, I separate it completely in this part, and it must remain, as is my real will , subject to the said Mayor [of Caracas] ... " In 1786-05-15 the Royal Court of Caracas was created with jurisdiction over the Provinces of Margarita, Venezuela, Nueva Andalucía, Trinidad, Guayana, La Grita-Mérida-Maracaibo and Barinas, a Royal Court that was installed in 1787-07-19 . 1777-08-20 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Coming from Cádiz, Juan Francisco Gutiérrez de Piñeres (1732-c1790; Visitor Regent of the New Kingdom of Granada, 1778-1783), of the Royal Council, as General Visitor Regent of the Royal Audience, his Cajas and various Ramos, in the New Kingdom of Granada and the Provinces of Tierra Firme with the exception of Quito, and Intendant of the Royal Armies, bound for those of America. He is accompanied by the Secretary of the General Visit, Francisco Fernández de Córdoba, and the Deputy Delegate of the same, Pedro Fernández Madrid. The officials continued their journey to Santafé, where they arrived on 1778-01-16. Almost immediately, on 1778-01-19, Gutiérrez de Piñeres appeared for the Royal Agreement of Justice with the royal dispatches issued by Carlos III (1716-1788; Rey, 1777-09-08 Spain, Madrid Creation of the Captaincy General of Venezuela. Royal Decree of Carlos III of Spain (1716-1788; King of Spain, 1759-1788) creates the Captaincy General of Venezuela by adding to the Municipality of Caracas (created in 1776-12-08) the Provinces surrounding its jurisdiction "as government and military " and ordering the Governors of said Provinces to obey the Captain General and carry out his orders. The Provinces of Cumaná, Maracaibo, Guayana, Trinidad and Margarita are separated from the Viceroyalty of New Granada in governmental and military matters and united to the Captaincy General of Venezuela. In addition, the Provinces of Maracaibo and Guayana pass from the jurisdiction of the Audiencia of Santafé to that of Santo Domingo, to which the others already belong. The first Captain General was Luis de Unzaga y Amézaga (1721-1792; Captain General, 1777-1782), previously Governor of Louisiana (1770-1777). 1777-10-01 Spain, Segovia , between Spain and Portugal. In the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso, near Segovia, the "Treaty of San Ildefonso" was signed between Spain and Portugal, which established the borders between the two Kingdoms in South America. By virtue of this, Portugal ceded to Spain the southern half of present-day Uruguay (including Colonia del Sacramento and San Gabriel Island) - plus the islands of Annobón and Fernando Poo in Guinea waters - in exchange for the Spanish withdrawal from the Island of Santa Catalina on the coast of Brazil and the Rio Grande territory, north of the Banda Oriental, which had been gradually occupied by Portugal and whose possession had been consolidated by the "Treaty of Madrid" (1750-01-13). 1777-10-27 Spain, Madrid Definitive creation of the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata. In his Palace of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, near Madrid, Carlos III issued a Royal Decree"... already understanding how very important it is to my real service and the good of my vassals in that part of my domain the permanence of this dignity, because from Lima at a distance of a thousand leagues it is not possible to serve the government of the so-called remote Provinces I have not come to resolve the continuation of the aforementioned employment of Viceroy, Governor and Captain General of the Provinces of Buenos Aires, Paraguay, Tucuman, Potosí, nor to take care that their Viceroy of their strength and preservation in time of war. Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Charcas, and all the townships, towns and territories to which the jurisdiction of that Court extends, also including under its own command and jurisdiction the territories of the cities of Mendoza and San Juan del Pico that were in charge of the Chilean Government,with absolute independence from the Viceroy of Peru and the President of Chile ... " Consequently, the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata was definitively constituted, created by the same monarch in 1776-08-01 with exceptional and personal character under the head of Captain General Pedro de Cevallos (1715-1778; Viceroy of Río de la Plata, 1777-1778), then Governor of Madrid, whom he had ordered to march in command of an expedition that sailed from Cádiz in 1776-11-13. When the new Viceroy and Captain General Juan José de Vértiz y Salcedo (1719-1799; Viceroy of Río de la Plata, 1778-1784) arrived in Buenos Aires, Cevallos gave him command on 1778-06-28 and returned to Spain with most of the troops of his expedition, to die there on December 26 of that same year. 1778-01-16 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé The Visiting Regent Juan Francisco Gutiérrez de Piñeres (1732-1790) entered Santafé, appointed from 1776-12-23 by the Minister of the Indies José de Gálvez y Gallardo (1729-1786) to see to reorganize the Royal Treasury of New Granada in order to multiply the amount of tax collections. The official undertook the assigned task without delay. It began by creating the "Directorate of Reales Rentas Reunidas y Estancadas", and went on to impose a cascade of taxes on the inhabitants of the New Kingdom of Granada, at the precise moments when they were more impoverished than usual as a result of a recent smallpox epidemic (1776) of particular virulence on the Tunja district and the Villas de Leyva, San Gil and El Socorro, as well as the districts of Sogamoso and Duitama. 1779-03-05 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé The new Archbishop of Santafé, Antonio Caballero y Góngora (1723-1796), arrives at his apostolic headquarters. Carlos III asked the Pope for his appointment to the Archbishopric of Santafé from 1777-09-19 but, despite the long time elapsed, Caballero does not take immediate possession because the indispensable papal bulls have not been received in Santafé. It will do so on 1779-05-23. 1779-03-24 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé In the Archbishop's Palace of the capital of the New Kingdom of Granada, before the Ecclesiastical Council, he takes the oath of rigor and takes possession of the dignity of Metropolitan Archbishop of Santafé, Antonio Caballero y Góngora (1723-1796; Bishop of Mérida de Yucatán, 1775-1778), promoted to this high prelature by the Holy See by means of bulls issued in 1777-12-14, confirmed through enforceable documents dated 1779-02-16. Archbishop Caballero y Góngora remained at the head of the Archdiocese of Santafé from his formal investiture in 1779-03-24 until 1789-04-22, when he embarked from Cartagena de Indias to his native Córdoba, Andalusia. In 1789-12 he assumed the archiepiscopal dignity in the Archdiocese of Cordoba, for which the Holy See had issued the corresponding bulls in 1788-09-15. 1779-05-23 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé The new Archbishop of Santafé, Antonio Caballero y Góngora (Priego de Córdoba, 1723-Córdoba, 1796), takes possession of his apostolic headquarters in a solemn ceremony held in the Cathedral, "... in contest of the Excellency Mr. Viceroy, Royal Audience, Secular Council, clergy, religions, schools and secular people of splendor and quality ... " 1779-06-16 Great Britain, London The Ambassador of Spain in London, Pedro de Góngora y Luján (1727-1794), Marqués de Almodóvar del Río, surrender by order of Carlos III (1716-1788; King of Spain, 1759- 1788) the Spanish declaration of war against Great Britain and withdrawn from the British Court. Spain acted in force of alliance agreed with France (Treaty of Aranjuez, 1779-04-12) which, in support of the British colonies in North America, with which France had signed an alliance pact (Paris, 1778-02-06 ), had already declared war on Great Britain from 1778-06. This war, which lasted until 1783, motivated the effort to increase the exactions of Spain in its colonies that caused serious popular disturbances in the Viceroyalties of New Granada and Peru. 1779-08-11 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Santafé To put an end to the complaints and claims that, regarding the respective competences, began to be received in Madrid after the arrival in Santafé (1778-01-16) of Juan Francisco Gutiérrez de Piñeres (1732-c1790), Regent General Visitor of the Royal Court and Intendant of the Royal Armies, by Royal Order of 1778-09-11 Viceroy Manuel Antonio Flórez Maldonado y Bodquín was notified (1723-1799; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1776 -1781) that "... the way not to remain [Viceroy Flórez] responsible and deserve Royal Gratitude", was to provide in everything according to the opinion of the General Visitor Regent, as long as it belonged to the Royal Treasury. To avoid continuous friction, in 1779-08-11 Flórez Maldonado delegated to Gutiérrez de Piñeres and the Royal Court the dispatch of all matters within its competence - with the exception of those related to the Captaincy General and the Royal Board that maintains in his hands - and a few days later he left Santafé to settle in Cartagena de Indias, ostensibly with the purpose of personally attending to the defense of the important port against possible attacks by the British navy. He reaches his destination on 1779-08-26 and remains there until the end of his term, on 1782-03-31. 1781-03-16 New Kingdom of Granada, El Socorro Popular protest for the publication of the edict for the collection of the Barlovento Navy right. Manuela Beltrán, a woman from the town of whom there is no more biographical information than her courageous and risky action to tear out an edict and destroy the table with the royal weapons on which it was attached. By his example, he encouraged the mob to riot against the authorities. Soon, what began as a local protest spread throughout the province and threatened to reach Santafé. 1781-06-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Zipaquirá Solemn Capitulation with the Communards. In the parish church of Zipaquirá, after a mass officiated by the Most Illustrious Archbishop Antonio Caballero y Góngora (1723-1796; Archbishop of Santafé, 1778-1788), with the Blessed Sacrament exposed before those present and in the presence of the Royal Notary Public Manuel de Aranzazugoitia , who took careful note of what happened at the ceremony to be able to give public faith in this regard, the Archbishop proceeded to take a solemn oath on behalf of the King to the two Commissioners of the Royal Agreement of Justice of the Royal Court and Chancellery of the New Kingdom of Granada and Superior Board of Tribunals of Santafé, Joaquín Vasco y Vargas (1729-d1784) and Eustaquio Galavís (1745-1810), both kneeling and with their hands outstretched over an open missal on a table, to faithfully guard the«Capitulations» proposed by the Common through its Commander General Juan Francisco Berbeo (1739-1795) and admitted, approved, confirmed and sworn in in Santafé, on the immediately preceding night, by the members of the Royal Agreement of Justice and Superior Board of Courts. The Archbishop then sang the Te Deum in thanksgiving, with a general ringing of bells and blessings. Finally, the Archbishop and the Commissioners duly signed the respective Act before the Royal Notary Public. In this way, the popular revolt (called the "Communal Revolution" ) started in 1781-03-16 in the Villa de El Socorro was put to an end. The «Capitulations»They bear this name because the document that stipulates them is composed of several articles that at the time they called chapters. Berbeo had previously been warned from Santafé about the fact that the Royal Audience and the Royal Agreement had sworn not to abide by and not to have written or signed the thirty-five articles of the Capitulations. But this prevention did not prevent the community chief from signing them, which led to his being considered a traitor to the cause from then on, and hopes were set on José Antonio Galán (c1749-1782). 1781-10-19 British North America, Virginia, Yorktown Battle of Yorktown. With the decisive victory of a combined force of Continental Army troops under General George Washington and the French Army commanded by the Count of Rochambeau over British Army troops under Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis, the American Revolutionary War, which started in Lexington / Concord on 1775-04-19. The defeat and surrender of the British led his government to negotiate the end of the conflict, formally signed in the "Treaty of Paris" in 1783-09-03. 1782-02-01 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Execution of Communards. In compliance with the death sentence handed down against them in 1782-01-30, the community leaders José Antonio Galán (Charalá, 1749), Lorenzo Alcantuz (Sogamoso, 1741), Isidro Molina, and Manuel Ortiz (El Socorro) are executed in a atrocious on 1782-02-01. As a warning to disloyal subjects who might be thinking of following in the rebels' footsteps, the authorities decided to offer the capital's public a macabre spectacle. Dragged to the Plaza Mayor tied to the tails of horses from their place of confinement, they were hanged before being dismembered in the presence of a large gathering of authorities, personalities, and the common people. As a final procedure, the remains were burned after separating the limbs and heads from them to be sent to different parts of the Kingdom. The young Antonio Nariño y Alvarez (n 1765-04-09), as standard-bearer of the Santafé Urban Militia Battalion, a body he had entered at the end of 1781, witnessed the scene. Perhaps impressed by her, he requested her discharge from the service on the immediately following 1782-03-23. 1782-04-01 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias The new acting Viceroy Juan de Torrezar Díaz Pimienta (Spain,? -Santafé, 1782; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1782-04-01 to 1782-06-11) receives the command of his predecessor Manuel Antonio Flórez Maldonado (Seville, Andalusia, 1723-Madrid, 1799; Viceroy of New Granada, 1776-1782). Brigadier of the Royal Armies, Knight of the Order of Carlos III, Field Marshal (1779). Successful Governor of Cartagena from 1774-05-12, he was appointed Viceroy temporarily and by way of commission by Royal Order of 1781-11-26, with retention of the Government of Cartagena. Receiving command on the first day of April, Díaz Pimienta left Cartagena for Santafé the following April 21 and arrived at Honda on May 22, where a lucid entourage awaited him headed by the Governor of the Province and the Archbishop of Santafé Antonio Caballero y Góngora (Priego de Córdoba, 1723-Córdoba, 1796; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1782-1789), and there he rested to resume his journey the first June day. Around June 5, passing through Facatativá, the Viceroy began to feel bad and the trip accelerated to reach the capital as soon as possible, which happened on 1782-06-07. There it worsened, so that Díaz Pimienta died in 1782-06-11 without having managed to start his government. 1782-06-11 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé The new interim Viceroy Juan de Torrezar Díaz Pimienta (Spain,? -Santafé, 1782; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1782-04-01 to 1782-06-11) who just a couple of months ago had received from his predecessor Manuel Antonio Flórez Maldonado (Seville, Andalusia, 1723-Madrid, 1799; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1776-1782) the command (Cartagena de Indias, 1782-04-01), died suffering from a rapidly evolving illness just upon reaching the viceregal capital . The strange circumstance coupled with the fact that Archbishop Antonio Caballero y Góngora (Priego de Córdoba, 1723-Córdoba, 1796; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1782-1789) had been appointed successor of the Viceroy if necessary, as it was read in sealed sheets entrusted to the Royal Court for several years, gave rise to conjectures that have never been confirmed or distorted. The Royal Agreement of Justice, 1782-06-15 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Archbishop Antonio Caballero y Góngora (1723-1796; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1782-1789) assumed command after the death of Interim Viceroy Juan de Torrezar Díaz Pimienta (Spain,? -Santafé, 1782; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1782- 04-01 to 1782-06-11), who fell ill during his trip from Cartagena and died as soon as he arrived in Santafé. Some sealed sheets that had rested for years in the Royal Audience of Santafé, to be opened before a power vacuum, contained the Royal Order of Carlos III dated 1777-11-16 designating Caballero and Góngora, at that time hardly a candidate for the Archbishopric of Santafé (the royal request to the Pope for this purpose is dated a couple of months earlier, in 1777-09-19), as Viceroy of New Granada in the case of the subsequent absence of the Lieutenant General of the Royal Navy Manuel Antonio Flórez Maldonado y Bodquín (1723-1799; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1776-1781) and the Field Marshal, Juan de Torrezar Díaz Pimienta (? -1782; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1782), Governor of Cartagena de Indias from 1774-05-12, appointed first to succeed Viceroy Flórez. On the afternoon of the same day Caballero y Góngora formally took office as interim Viceroy, thus concentrating in his hands the supreme civil, military and ecclesiastical power as had rarely happened in the Spanish dominions in America. In 1783-04-15 Carlos III appointed him as property for the same position, which he held until 1789-01-08, when he handed it over to his successor Francisco Gil y Lemus (1733-1810; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1789- 01-08 to 1789-07-31). Governor of Cartagena de Indias from 1774-05-12, appointed first to succeed Viceroy Flórez. On the afternoon of the same day Caballero y Góngora formally took office as interim Viceroy, thus concentrating in his hands the supreme civil, military and ecclesiastical power as had rarely happened in the Spanish dominions in America. In 1783-04-15 Carlos III appointed him as property for the same position, which he held until 1789-01-08, when he handed it over to his successor Francisco Gil y Lemus (1733-1810; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1789- 01-08 to 1789-07-31). Governor of Cartagena de Indias from 1774-05-12, appointed first to succeed Viceroy Flórez. On the afternoon of the same day Caballero y Góngora formally took office as interim Viceroy, thus concentrating in his hands the supreme civil, military and ecclesiastical power as had rarely happened in the Spanish dominions in America. In 1783-04-15 Carlos III appointed him as property for the same position, which he held until 1789-01-08, when he handed it over to his successor Francisco Gil y Lemus (1733-1810; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1789- 01-08 to 1789-07-31). military and ecclesiastical as had rarely happened in the Spanish dominions in America. In 1783-04-15 Carlos III appointed him as property for the same position, which he held until 1789-01-08, when he handed it over to his successor Francisco Gil y Lemus (1733-1810; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1789- 01-08 to 1789-07-31). military and ecclesiastical as had rarely happened in the Spanish dominions in America. In 1783-04-15 Carlos III appointed him as property for the same position, which he held until 1789-01-08, when he handed it over to his successor Francisco Gil y Lemus (1733-1810; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1789- 01-08 to 1789-07-31). 1783-04-01 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Foundation of the «Botanical Expedition» . The Archbishop-Viceroy Antonio Caballero y Góngora (1723-1796; Archbishop of Santafé, 1778-1788; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1782-1789), with prior essential royal authorization, decreed the foundation of the "Botanical Expedition" with José Celestino Mutis ( c1732-1808) by Director and Eloy Valenzuela (1756-1834) per second. In 1783-11-01, the Royal Decree of Carlos III (1716-1788; King of Spain, 1759-1788) granted definitive character to the «Botanical Expedition»and ponders its Director. Between 1783-1788, Pedro Fermín de Vargas, Francisco Javier Matiz, Pablo Antonio García del Campo, Roque Gutiérrez, Pedro Amaya, Esteban J. Fetecua, Fray Diego García, Bruno Landete, José Camblor, José Antonio Cándamo, Salvador Rizo, Antonio Nariño, and Francisco Antonio Zea. Between 1800-1806 enter Francisco José de Caldas, Jorge Tadeo Lozano (son of the Marquis of San Jorge and younger brother of José María), Miguel Pombo, Jerónimo Torres, and José María Carbonell. 1783-04-15 Spain, Madrid From Aranjuez, Carlos III (1716-1788; King of Spain, 1759-1788) designates the Archbishop of Santafé as Viceroy, Governor and Captain General of the New Kingdom of Granada, Antonio Caballero y Góngora (1723-1796; Archbishop of Santafé, 1778-1788; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1782-1789) who has been serving in the same position on an interim basis since 1782-06-15. In 1783-11-19, Viceroy Caballero y Góngora took the formal oath in his capital palace. He remained in office until 1789-01-08, when he handed it over to his successor Francisco Gil y Lemus (1733-1810; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1789-01-08 to 1789-07-31). 1783-04-19 France, Paris «Treaty of Paris» . England formally recognizes the independence of its former North American colonies. The struggle for liberation, which began almost seven years ago with the "Declaration of Independence"(1776-07-04), thus comes to an end. After the recognition of their independence, the North Americans proceed to bring together in a federative regime the different States, whose common government until then was in the hands of Congress, as a meeting of representatives without full powers to bind them. Alexander Hamilton, a member of the New York legislature, proposed the idea that each state should remain sovereign in its peculiarities and rights, but that for common interests the unity of government and legislation should be adopted. The proposition was challenged by anti-Federalists and Republicans. The decision was made in Philadelphia, in 1787-05. 1783-07-24 Venezuela, Caracas Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios (1783-1830) is born, fourth child and second son in the marriage of Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte (1726-1786) with María de la Concepción Palacios and Blanco (1758-1792). Baptized in 1783-07-30 in the Cathedral of Caracas by his priest uncle Juan Félix Jerez de Aristeguieta y Bolívar (1732-1785), who later testified in his favor the so-called "Vínculo de la Concepción"For which he bequeathed to his cousin a substantial inheritance from Dona Luisa de Bolívar y Ponte (1713-1773), the priest's mother and Simón's paternal aunt. The Real Audiencia de Santo Domingo (the Audiencia de Caracas, created in 1786-07-06, was not installed when mother Simón began judicial proceedings) appointed Miguel José Sanz (1756-1814) as curator ad-litem and for Decree of 1788-06-26 ordered that the heir of the linked assets be given possession, which took effect formally on 1788-07-30. 1783-09-03 France, Paris «Treaty of Paris» . Representatives of England and the United States of America, new nickname for the British Colonies in North America, sign in Paris the formal document that ends the War of Independence that began in 1775-04 in Massachusetts. 1785-07-12 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Strong tremor, around seven-three-quarters in the morning, caused serious damage in Santafé. The unfortunate circumstance led to the birth of journalism in the New Kingdom of Granada by giving rise to the publication of the "Earthquake Warning" , whose first issue appeared on 1785-07-16. 1786-01-19 Venezuela, Caracas Bolívar's father dies. Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte (1726-1786) was born in La Victoria, on 1726-10-15. Son of Don Juan de Bolívar y Villegas (1665-1729) and Mrs. María Petronila de Ponte y Marín de Narváez (1684-1736). From the marriage (Caracas, 1773-12-01) with María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco (1758-1792) four children were born: María Antonia Bolívar y Palacios (1777-1842); Juana Nepomucena (1779-1847); Juan Vicente (1781-1811); Simon (1783-1830). Juan Vicente died after a short illness. 1786-05-15 Spain, Madrid Creation of the Real Audiencia de Caracas. Royal Decree of Carlos III (1716-1788; King of Spain, 1759-1788) creates the Royal Audience of Caracas: "... His Majesty has resolved in view of everything, that the Province of Maracaibo continue united as it is to the Captaincy General and Intendancy of Caracas, observing the provisions of the Royal Decree of February 15 of this year [1786]on the addition of the City of Trujillo and its jurisdiction to the Government of Maracaibo; and creation of the Province of Barinas in a separate Commandery, with the current status. And to avoid the damages that originate to the inhabitants of said Provinces of Maracaibo, Cumaná, Guayana, Margarita and Trinidad Island, included in the same General Captaincy to appeal for appeal of their business to the Praetorial Court of Santo Domingo, the King has resolved to create another in Caracas, composed for now by a Regent Dean, three Oidores and a Prosecutor; leaving the same number of Ministers, in that of Santo Domingo, and confining his district to the Spanish part of that Island, that of Cuba and Puerto Rico; to which end His Majesty appoints, of course, the Ministers who are to serve in both ... " Based in the city of Santiago de León de Caracas, capital of the Captaincy General of Venezuela, the Royal Audience of Caracas will be from this order the highest court of the Spanish Crown in the territory of the Captaincy General of Venezuela. It was the last Royal Audience created in America prior to the Wars of Independence of the Spanish-American colonies; was formally installed on 1787-07-19. 1787-07-19 Venezuela, Caracas Installation of the Royal Audience of Caracas. Based in the city of Santiago de León de Caracas, capital of the Captaincy General of Venezuela, the Real Audiencia de Caracas created in 1786-05-15 by Royal Decree of Carlos III (1716-1788; King of Spain, 1759-1788 ), was from this order the highest court of the Spanish Crown in the territory of the Captaincy General of Venezuela. It was the last Royal Audience created in America prior to the Wars of Independence of the Spanish-American colonies. It was formally installed on 1787-07-19. 1788-08-08 France, Paris Call for «Estates General». The serious conditions of the Royal Treasury, exacerbated by the intervention of France in the North American war of independence and by a fall in agricultural production that brought hunger to the French people, advised the unusual step of calling a meeting of "States General" (nobles , clergy, common) for 1789-05-01 - an unprecedented measure since 1614, at the beginning of the reign of Louis XIII. The Crown sought to establish taxes on property - mostly in the hands of the aristocracy (nobles and high clergy) - which caused confrontations that were thought to have no other way of solution. The circumstance led to the intervention of the bourgeoisie in an effort to avoid that, as invariably happened in a system that assigned a vote to each general state when deciding, the aristocracy imposed its opinion. 1788-12-14 Spain, Madrid Carlos III of Spain (1716-1788; King of Spain, 1759-1788) dies. He was the son of Felipe V (1683-1746; King of Spain, 1700-1746) and his second wife Isabel de Farnesio (1692-1766). He succeeded his half-brother Fernando VI (1713-1759; King of Spain, 1746-1759) who died (1759-08-10) without children. He was King of Naples from 1734-07. He married María Amalia de Sajonia (d. 1760-09-27) with whom he had seven sons and six daughters and when he was widowed he did not marry again. In 1763 he ceded the territory of Florida and Pensacola Bay to England and received the southern part of Louisiana from France. He signed the «Pragmatic Sanction»(1767-02-27) by which he exiled, without prior notice but with immediate effect, the Society of Jesus from his dominions and confiscated their assets. He died on 1788-12-14. He was succeeded by his son Carlos IV (1748-1819; King of Spain, 1788-1808) 1789-01-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Viceroy Gil y Lemus takes office. Francisco Gil y Lemus (1733-1810; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1789-01-08 to 1789-07-31), Knight of the Order of San Juan, Commander of the Major Order of Puente de Orbigo, Counselor of His Majesty in the Supreme War, Lieutenant General of the Royal Navy, succeeds Archbishop-Viceroy Antonio Caballero y Góngora (1723-1796; Archbishop of Santafé, 1778-1788; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1782-1789) as Viceroy of the New Kingdom of Pomegranate. He remained in his post until 1789-07-31, when he handed it over to his successor José Manuel de Ezpeleta y Galdeano (1739-1823; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1789-1797) and traveled to Lima to assume as Viceroy of Peru. 1789-05-05 France, Paris The «States General» meet at Versailles. At the urging of Jacques Necker, his popular Finance Minister, Louis XVI agreed to convene the "States General" (1788-08-08) in the hope of finding a way out of the serious situation prevailing in the Kingdom. The measure was desperate because it had not been used since 1614. It was agreed that the Third Estate would have as many deputies as the other two added. When the "Estates General" finally met on 1789-05-05 with 1,139 deputies (270 for the nobility, 291 for the clergy and 578 for the people) the Third EstateHe demanded that it be decided by heads and not by estates as was traditional, an innovation that gave true power to the people and that was therefore rejected. In 1789-06-17 the Third State declared itself in the National Assembly, invested with the rights of sovereignty, and invited the other two States to meet with it. The other two estates tried to sabotage the Assembly by closing the area where it met, but the people went to the Las Tuileries tennis court and there took an oath (1789-06-20) not to dissolve until the Constitution had been established. Soon after, by order of the King, the other two states joined the people's. In 1789-07-09 it became the Constituent Assembly of France and assumed the task of taking the political reins until the proclamation of the Constitution (1791-09). 1789-07-09 France, Paris Constituent Assembly in France. When the "Estates General" finally met in 1789-05-05 with 1,139 deputies (270 for the nobility, 291 for the clergy and 578 for the people) the Third Estate demanded that it be decided by heads and not by estates as was traditional An innovation that gave true power to the people and was therefore rejected. In 1793-06-17 the Third Estatehe declared himself in the National Assembly, invested with sovereign rights, and invited the other two States to meet him. The other two estates tried to sabotage the Assembly by closing the area where it met, but the people went to a terrace in Las Tuileries and there took an oath not to dissolve until the Constitution had been established. Shortly after, by order of the King, the other two states joined that of the people. In 1789-07-09 it became the Constituent Assembly of France and assumed the task of taking the political reins until the proclamation of the Constitution (1791-09) 1789-07-14 France, Paris Storming of the Bastille. In 1789-07-14, in what is considered the initial moment of the French Revolution, the mob of Paris mutinied against the monarchy took by force the emblematic fortress-prison and armory of La Bastille, lynched its warden Marquis Bernard de Launay and proceeds to seize arms and ammunition and free the prisoners. Back at city hall, the crowd accused Mayor Jacques de Fleselles of trying to betray the movement and murdered him. Later, Louis XVI was practically imprisoned in his palace. 1789-07-22 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Antonio Nariño, interim Treasurer of Tithes. One week after leaving his post (which he held temporarily from 1789-01-08, having been appointed Viceroy of Peru) to his successor José Manuel de Ezpeleta y Galdeano (1739-1823; Viceroy of the New Kingdom, 1789-1797 ), Viceroy Francisco Gil y Lemus (1733-1810; Viceroy of the New Kingdom, 1789-01-08 to 1789-07-31) orders the Ecclesiastical Council of Santafé that if necessary and provisionally "... while the King takes in this regard a final determination ... " appoint the second-vote mayor Antonio Nariño y Alvarez (1765-1823) as interim Treasurer of Tithes to replace the incumbent Juan Agustín de Ricaurte y Terreros (1720-1791) who, due to his advanced age and health conditions, had expressed doubt to continue in office. By arranging it in this way, Gil was contrary to the tradition that assigned the Ecclesiastical Council of Santa Fe the prerogative of providing the desired position. The decision of the Viceroy motivated a note of protest dated 1789-07-26 where the canons did not hide their disappointment; But the president remained firm and left them no other way than to settle for the moment in the hope that the imminent arrival of the successor would change things. To the dismay of the Ecclesiastical Council, Viceroy Ezpeleta confirmed the order of his predecessor and ordered, in 1789-08-07, 1789-07-31 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Viceroy Ezpeleta takes office. José Manuel de Ezpeleta y Galdeano (1739-1823; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1789-1797), Count of Ezpeleta de Beire, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Carlos III, Knight of the Royal and Military Order of San Hermenegildo, Justice in the Order of San Juan, Governor of the Royal and Supreme Council of His Majesty, State Councilor, Field Marshal of the Royal Armies, succeeds Francisco Gil y Lemus (1733-1810; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1789-01-08 to 1789 -07-31). He remained in his position until 1797-01-04, when he handed it over to his successor Pedro de Mendinueta y Muzquiz (1736-1825; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1797-1803) and traveled to Spain. 1789-08-04 France, Paris Proclamation of the «Rights of Man and of the Citizen» . In the early morning of 1789-08-04, the National Legislative Assembly of France approved the text of seventeen articles the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen" , which buries the feudal regime. The circulation of the document, which is usually referred to in abbreviated form as "Rights of Man" , in the Spanish colonies in America was promptly prohibited, in 1789-11, by the Supreme Council of the Indies. The translation, printing and dissemination of this document in December 1793 will have serious consequences for Antonio Nariño in Santafé, vice-royal capital of New Granada. 1789-11 Spain, Madrid On an unspecified day of November 1789, the Council of the Indies prohibits the circulation through the dominions of Spain in the New World of the document of French origin entitled "Rights of Man . " 1792-04-02 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta Francisco de Paula Santander y Omaña is born. Third of four children (Pedro José and Josefa Teresa preceded him, but died in infancy; Josefa, the youngest, survived him) in the marriage of Juan Agustín Santander y Colmenares (1745-1808) with Manuela Antonia de Omaña y Rodríguez (1768- 1819). Juan Agustín was at that time Governor of the Province of San Faustino de los Ríos, by appointment of the Viceroy José de Ezpeleta y Galdeano in 1790-07-31. Twice a widower, Juan Agustín Santander already had several legitimate and natural children. The mother of the future Granada general was also a widow (of the Tunisian lawyer Nicolás de Tovar y Guzmán, with whom she had no children), being 23 years younger than her husband. 1792-04-20 France, Paris France declares war on the Habsburgs. The declaration marks the beginning of the so-called "War of the First Coalition" , as the series of armed encounters that occurred between 1792 and 1797 between some European powers and the French First Republic - which emerged in 1792-09-23 - are called collectively. in the midst of the French Revolution, which began with the meeting of the Estates General (Versailles, 1789-05-05) and concluded with the Coup d'état of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) in 18 Brumaire of the year VIII (Paris, 1799- 11-09). 1792-07-06 Venezuela, Caracas Bolívar's mother dies. María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco (1758-1792) was born in Caracas, on 1758-12-09. First-born daughter among the eleven children of the marriage (Caracas, 1758-06-01) of Don Feliciano Palacios de Aguirre y Ariztía-Sojo and Gil de Arratía (1730-1793, better known as Feliciano Palacios y Sojo) with Mrs. Francisca María Blanco Infante Herrera (1735-1789). From the marriage (Caracas, 1773-12-01) with Juan Vicente Bolívar y Ponte (1726-1786) four children were born: María Antonia Bolívar y Palacios (1777-1842); Juana Nepomucena (1779-1847); Juan Vicente (1781-1811); Simon (1783-1830). María de la Concepción was widowed on 1786-01-19. With the support of his father, he assumed the upbringing of his children and the management of the family properties. He succumbed young to tuberculosis. 1792-09-22 France, Paris Dismissal of the King of France and proclamation of the Republic. Louis XVI (1754-1793; King of France, 1774-1792) is formally dismissed by the National Convention, the governing body that from 1792-09-20 replaced the Legislative Assembly in Paris. The removal of the King gave way to the "First Republic" , which lasted until the subsequent erection of the "First Empire" with the proclamation of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) as Emperor of the French (Paris, 1804-05-18) . Put on trial, in 1793-01-17 Louis XVI was found guilty of treason against his people and sentenced to die by guillotine. He was executed on 1793-01-21 (Paris, Place Louis XV, renamed Place de la Concorde in 1795). 1793-12-05 Venezuela, Caracas Bolívar's maternal grandfather dies. Don Feliciano Palacios y Gil de Arratía was born in 1730 in Caracas, in the home of Juan Feliciano Palacios de Aguirre (1689-1756) and Isabel María Gil de Arratía y Aguirre (1698-?). From his marriage (Caracas, 1758-06-01) with Mrs. Francisca María Blanco Infante Herrera (1735-1789) eleven children were raised: María de la Concepción Palacios y Blanco (1758-1792), married in 1773 with Juan Vicente Bolívar and Ponte (1726-1786), parents of Simón Bolívar (1783-1830); María de Jesús (1760-1811), married in 1783 to Juan Nepomuceno Ribas y Herrera (1760-1814); Carlos (1762-1805); Feliciano (1763-1838), married to Ana María Tovar Ponte (1797-1880); Esteban (1764-1830); Pedro (1769-1811); Ana Rufina (1769-?), Married to her double-cousin Juan Félix Palacios y Blanco (1762-?); Francisco (? -1814); Maria Paula (? -1826), married to Francisco Javier de Ustáriz y Mijares (? -1814); María Josefa (1774-1824), married in 1798-02-01 to José Félix Ribas y Herrera (1775-1815); María Ignacia (1775-1829), married in 1796-04-14 with Antonio José Ribas y Herrera (? -?). Don Feliciano Palacios was Captain of the First Company of Criollos of Caracas, in 1751; Treasurer of the Holy Crusade and Ordinary Mayor of Caracas, in 1752; Perpetual Alderman and, in his later years, Royal Ensign of Caracas. After the death (Caracas, 1792-07-06) of his first-born daughter María de la Concepción widow of Juan Vicente Bolívar, Don Feliciano took over the custody of the four children of that marriage: María Antonia Bolívar y Palacios (1777- 1842); Juana Nepomucena (1779-1847); Juan Vicente (1781-1811); Simon (1783-1830). By then Don Feliciano was already sick with care, so he hastened to marry his two granddaughters: in 1792-10-22, Maria Antonia with Pablo de Clemente y Palacios (c1770-1812), son of the Spanish Manuel de Clemente y Francia with María Petronila Palacios y Sojo; and in 1792-12-11, Juana Nepomucena with her cousin-uncle Dionisio Palacios y Blanco (? -1814), son of Bernabé Francisco Palacios y Gil de Arratía (1731-1785) with María Isabel Blanco Infante Herrera (? -1803 ). In addition, Don Feliciano appointed curators for his two grandchildren, according to the choice requested by the grandfather to each of them, thus: his nephew-son-in-law Juan Félix Palacios y Blanco (1762-?), Son of Bernabé Francisco de Palacios y Gil de Arratía (1731-1785) with María Isabel Blanco Infante Herrera (? -1803), for Juan Vicente (1781-1811); and, his son Esteban Palacios y Blanco (1768-1830), for Simón (1783-1830). 1793-12-15 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Antonio Nariño clandestinely prints his translation of the "Rights of Man and of the Citizen . " One Sunday in December 1793 (possibly the 15th) Antonio Nariño had the first version in Castilian (in his own translation) of the "Rights of Man and of the Citizen" printed clandestinely in his "Patriotic Printing Press ", on the text approved by the National Assembly of France in 1789-08-04. The printing workshop was run by the printer Diego Espinosa de los Monteros, three officers (Pedro José Vergara, Juan Fulgencio Tomapasca, Manuel Torres), and a servant (Juan José González). Nariño would later declare that, warned by some of his first friends to learn about the paper about the imponderable risk that putting it into circulation would entail for its author, he decided to burn his estimated production of about one hundred copies of a quarter page and italicized letter. The fact is that no sample could be contributed to the trial that was followed for this reason and that for this reason it had to be based on statements by its detractors and some of its employees in the printing press, as well as the confession of Nariño himself, 1794-08-19 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé «Conspiracy of the Pasquines» . Antonio Nariño and his family return to Santafé after a season of healing and rest in Fusagasugá, where they had traveled on 1794-06-24. The day before, Viceroy José de Ezpeleta (1742-1823; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1789-1796) with his family and some officials had gone on a rest trip to Guaduas, leaving the Regent Oidor of the Royal Audience Luis in charge of the government. de Chaves and Mendoza (1750-1817). In 1794-08-19, Santafé woke up covered in posters posted in visible places that, in prose and verse, made fun of the authorities and called for the abolition of tobacconists. While the commune rebellion of 1781 is still fresh in the memory, the novelty caused shock in the capital government. 1794-08-20 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Complaint against Antonio Nariño. Early in the morning of 1794-08-20, the day after the appearance of the banners against the tobacconists and the authorities, Francisco Carrasco, "... a native of the Kingdoms of Spain and official clerk of the Royal Cajas ... "He voluntarily goes to the Royal Court to denounce before the Regent Oidor Luis de Chaves y Mendoza (1750-1817) how some eight months ago he had had in his hands, on loan from the schoolboy Juan Nepomuceno Muñoz - who had it from his colleague Miguel Cabal and this, to what the complainant believes, of Antonio Nariño - a role"... whose content was on the laws established by the Constituent Assembly of France, founded on the duties, privileges and equality of men ..." In a sworn statement, Carrasco cites the names of his friends José Primo González --a who gave the paper to be read and in whose company he went to the Nariño printing house to inquire, without result, about its origin - and José Fernández de Arellano - "... that it is well imposed on everything that they have premeditated the disloyal ... " , among whom Carrasco points to Dr. Luis Gómez, " ... who is one of the staunch defenders of those maxims ... " On the same day, the Oidor Regente summoned José Oyarzabal, who declared that he had seen the paper denounced by Carrasco and that he had heard José Primo González about the unsuccessful investigation at the Nariño printing house. The Oidor Regente also made Manuel Benítez appear, who declared that he had heard from the Rosario collegiate Sinforoso Mutis expressions in favor of the triumph of the French in their wars in Europe. Considering the statements made extremely serious, the Oidor Regente sent an urgent message to Viceroy José de Ezpeleta, who was absent at that time in Guaduas (where he had traveled on a rest plan a couple of days before) and in the meantime he prepared to continue the inquiries, 1794-08-29 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Captures for the «Conspiracy of the pasquines»from 1794-08-19; arrested Nariño. Within the investigation initiated by the Royal Audience of Santafé at the request of Viceroy José de Ezpeleta (1742-1823; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1789-1796) as a result of the events of 1794-08-19 and following, orders of arrest against Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), José de Ayala y Vergara (1761-1816), Luis de Rieux (1755-1840), Manuel Antonio Froes (c1768-1840), Pedro Pradilla y Silva (1760-1820) , Ignacio Pablo Sandino de Castro y Liceras (1766-c1833); the schoolboys Sinforoso Mutis (1773-1822), José María Cabal (1769-1816), Enrique Umaña (1771-1854), the cousins Pablo José de Uribe and José María Durán; the merchant Bernardo Cifuentes; and the printer Diego Espinosa de los Monteros (1765-1815) and his assistants Pedro José Vergara, Manuel María Torres. In 1794-08-29 the apprehensions were made in Santafé. That of Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), the most conspicuous person on the list, took place in his house in the Plaza de San Francisco at ten in the morning by the Oidor himself Joaquín de Mosquera y Figueroa (1748-1830 ), investigating magistrate, whose order Nariño was sent prisoner to the Cavalry Barracks and all the assets of the accused were seized. Against Nariño there was then no accusation related to his management as Treasurer of Tithes of the Archdiocese; the species emerged, many years later, as a political weapon in the Senate of the Republic (1821-1823) wielded by a couple of ambitious deputies who saw the old Precursor as an obstacle to their plans. It was carried out in his house in the Plaza de San Francisco at ten o'clock in the morning by the Oidor Joaquín de Mosquera y Figueroa (1748-1830), an examining magistrate, whose order Nariño was sent prisoner to the Cavalry Barracks and It also proceeded to seize all the assets of the accused. Against Nariño there was then no accusation related to his management as Treasurer of Tithes of the Archdiocese; the species emerged, many years later, as a political weapon in the Senate of the Republic (1821-1823) wielded by a couple of ambitious deputies who saw the old Precursor as an obstacle to their plans. It was carried out in his house in the Plaza de San Francisco at ten o'clock in the morning by the Oidor Joaquín de Mosquera y Figueroa (1748-1830), an examining magistrate, whose order Nariño was sent prisoner to the Cavalry Barracks and It also proceeded to seize all the assets of the accused. Against Nariño there was then no accusation related to his management as Treasurer of Tithes of the Archdiocese; the species emerged, many years later, as a political weapon in the Senate of the Republic (1821-1823) wielded by a couple of ambitious deputies who saw the old Precursor as an obstacle to their plans. from whose order Nariño was sent prisoner to the Cavalry Barracks and all the assets of the accused were seized. Against Nariño there was then no accusation related to his management as Treasurer of Tithes of the Archdiocese; the species emerged, many years later, as a political weapon in the Senate of the Republic (1821-1823) wielded by a couple of ambitious deputies who saw the old Precursor as an obstacle to their plans. of whose order Nariño was sent prisoner to the Cavalry Barracks and all the assets of the accused were seized. Against Nariño there was then no accusation related to his management as Treasurer of Tithes of the Archdiocese; the species emerged, many years later, as a political weapon in the Senate of the Republic (1821-1823) wielded by a couple of ambitious deputies who saw the old Precursor as an obstacle to their plans. 1795-02-03 Spain, Madrid «Conspiracy of San Blas». Political conspiracy that occurred during the reign of Carlos IV (1748-1819; King of Spain, 1788-1808), so called because it was discovered on 1795-02-03, the day of San Blas. Headed by the Mallorcan Juan Bautista Picornell (1759-1825) —whose concerns seemed to revolve around public education until then— it set out to carry out a coup with the support of the Madrid popular classes to "... save the Homeland of the entire ruin that threatens her ... " Once the victory was achieved, a Supreme Board would be formed that would assume the government while a Constitution was drafted and elections were held. It was not clear whether one aspired to a constitutional monarchy or a republic but, in any case, on the basis of freedom, equality and abundance. As a result of the investigations, in 1795-02-03 Picornell and two dozen of his followers were arrested, including the professor of Mathematics Sebastián Andrés, the professor of Humanities José Lax de Boas, and the young Manuel Cortés y Campomanes, recently Graduated from the Colegio de San Isidro. The trial ended with the death sentence of these four leaders, a sentence that was commuted to life imprisonment in different Spanish overseas prisons: Picornell, in Panama; Andrés and Lax, in Puerto Cabello; Cortés, in Portobelo. 1795-02-03 Venezuela, Cumaná Antonio José Francisco de Sucre y Alcalá is born, seventh child in the marriage of the infantry lieutenant Vicente de Sucre y Urbaneja (1761-1824) with María Manuela Alcalá and Sánchez Ramírez de Arellano (1767-1802) . Nothing is known of his childhood, except that at the age of fifteen, while still a student, he began the career of arms after the events of 1810. He served Generalissimo Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816) as a scientific officer and remained in service until the Capitulation of Miranda (San Mateo, 1812-07-25). He emigrated to Trinidad, where he took advantage of the time studying. There he met Mariño, Piar, the Bermúdez, the Izaba, Valdés, Armario, Ascue and other officers emigrated from the East with whom he returned to Güiría in January 1813. 1795-07-22 Switzerland, Basel «Treaty of Basel» . Signed in the Swiss town of Basel, after the peace agreed between France and Prussia in 1797-04-05, the "Treaty of Basel" ended the "War of the Pyrenees"between France and Spain started in 1793 and developed with serious consequences for the Spanish Kingdom, whose Basque provinces as well as the region of Catalonia were invaded by French troops. By virtue of it, Spain achieved the return of all the territory occupied by the French south of the Pyrenees in exchange for giving France its part of Isla Española (now the Dominican Republic) in the Caribbean Sea - although this part of the Treaty It could not materialize as a result of the Haitian Revolution (1791-1804), so Spain maintained this possession until the invasion from Haiti by Toussaint Louverture in 1801-01. In reward for the success in the negotiation of this Treaty, the royal favorite Manuel Godoy (1767-1851) was graced, in an unusual way, with the title of Prince of Peace . 1795-07-27 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Santafé Nariño presents his defense, signed jointly with his lawyer José Antonio Ricaurte y Rigueyro and with his attorney Manuel Guarín, regarding the accusations within the process for the printing of the "Rights of Man and of the Citizen ' initiated with his arrest on 1794-08-29. The document is undated, but from related documents it is possible to establish that in 1795-07-20, six additional days are granted for its delivery (instead of the thirty requested); and, that in 1795-07-29 it is ordered "... to collect the draft of the writing by royal hand and how many copies are scattered ..." 1795-11-28 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño, sentenced to ten years in prison in Africa and perpetual estrangement. The Royal Court of Santafé determines that Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), found guilty of the crime of printing and clandestine distribution of the subversive paper entitled "Human Rights"in late 1793 or early 1794 and aggravated his crime with the defense prepared in 1795 by the defendant himself with the assistance of his lawyer José Antonio Ricaurte (1748-1804) imprisoned in Cartagena for that cause, no matter how rigorous the laws would allow him to be sentenced to the last torture in consideration of various circumstances sentenced him to ten years imprisonment in Africa, in a place at the King's choice, perpetual estrangement from the royal dominions in America, confiscation of his property in favor of the Crown and public burning from the books on which he based his dismal translation to more than the drafts and copies of his ill-fated original defense. Viceroy José de Ezpeleta orders that the condemned man travel to his exile by way of Spain together with the ten prisoners for the crime of revolt. Your accomplice and subordinate, 1796-03-11 France, Paris Napoleon leaves Paris to undertake the Italian Campaign (1796-03 to 1797-12). Between his departure from Paris (1796-03-11) and his return (1797-12) after the signing of the Treaty of Campo Formio (1797-10-18) that ended the War of the First Coalition (1792-1797) Against France, Napoleon won successive and resounding victories during the Italian Campaign, which allowed him to conquer the old Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia and, after a prolonged siege (1796-07-04 to 1797-02-02), the city of Mantua, before venturing deep into Austrian territory. By the Treaty of Leoben (1797-04-18) between the Holy Roman Empire and the First French Republic, Emperor Francis II of Habsburg (1768-1835; Last Holy Roman Emperor, 1792-1806) ceded his Provinces to France Belgians (Austrian Netherlands) and, by secret clauses, 1796-03-17 Spain, Cádiz Nariño arrives in Cádiz and escapes. Embarked from Cartagena in the first fortnight of January 1796, after a brief stopover in Havana while waiting for a transport, Antonio Nariño arrived in Cádiz. Taking advantage of the unexpected circumstance of not appearing in the 'registration party' (list of prisoners on board) that the boat brings, Nariño takes advantage of the bustle resulting from arrival and escapes as soon as he reaches port to go to Madrid. In 1796-03-29 he represented before the King in search of justice which, in his opinion, had been denied him in Santafé. The following day, the authorities order his capture but Nariño manages to stay in Madrid for almost three months, until he escapes to France in 1796-06-13. 1796-08-18 Spain, Castilla y León, Segovia «Treaty of San Ildefonso» . In the Royal Palace of La Granja de San Ildefonso, near Segovia, the representatives of the Kingdom of Spain and Revolutionary France - Manuel Godoy (1767-1851), on behalf of Carlos IV (1748-1819; King of Spain, 1788 -1808), and General Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon, sent by the French Directory - signed the "Treaty of San Ildefonso"Establishing offensive and defensive military alliance that mutually obliged them, in the event of being called by one party by the other, to come to immediate aid with forces of sea and land that would be maintained on behalf of the helper; and, in the event of war against third countries, both powers undertook to unite their military forces and to act according to a joint policy. 1796-12-03 Venezuela, La Guaira Arrival of those convicted of the Conspiracy of San Blas. As a result of the investigations carried out by the Madrid authorities as a result of a complaint, on 1795-02-03 the leader of the attempt, the Mallorcan pedagogue and translator Juan Bautista Picornell (1759-1825), along with two dozen of his colleagues, were arrested. Followers among whom were the professor of Mathematics Sebastián Andrés, the professor of Humanities José Lax de Boas, and the young Manuel Cortés y Campomanes, recently graduated from the Colegio de San Isidro. The trial ended with the death sentence of these four leaders, a sentence that was commuted to life imprisonment in different Spanish overseas prisons: Picornell, in Panama; Andrés and Lax, in Puerto Cabello; Cortés, in Portobelo. They all went to La Guaira, where they arrived in 1796-12-03 and immediately came into contact with local conspirators who, under the leadership of Manuel Gual (1799-1800) and José María España (1761-1799), were preparing to surprise the government of the Captaincy General of Venezuela. In 1797-06-03 the prisoners (with the exception of Lax, who had been transferred to another prison) managed to escape with outside help. In 1797-07-13 the conspiracy was discovered; Gual and Spain managed to flee from Caracas, but as time went on they found a tragic end: Spain was executed in Caracas, on 1799-05-08; Gual died of poisoning on Trinidad Island on 1800-10-25. In 1797-06-03 the prisoners (with the exception of Lax, who had been transferred to another prison) managed to escape with outside help. In 1797-07-13 the conspiracy was discovered; Gual and Spain managed to flee from Caracas, but as time went on they found a tragic end: Spain was executed in Caracas, on 1799-05-08; Gual died of poisoning on Trinidad Island on 1800-10-25. In 1797-06-03 the prisoners (with the exception of Lax, who had been transferred to another prison) managed to escape with outside help. In 1797-07-13 the conspiracy was discovered; Gual and Spain managed to flee from Caracas, but as time went on they found a tragic end: Spain was executed in Caracas, on 1799-05-08; Gual died of poisoning on Trinidad Island on 1800-10-25. 1797-01-04 Colombia, Cartagena de Indias The Viceroy Mendinueta takes office. Pedro de Mendinueta y Muzquiz (1736-1825; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1797-1803), Knight of the Order of Santiago, Grand Cross of Carlos III, Lieutenant General of the Royal Armies, succeeds José Manuel de Ezpeleta y Galdeano (1739 -1823; Viceroy of New Granada, 1789-1797). He remained in his position until 1803-09-17, when he handed it over to his successor Antonio Amar y Borbón (1742-c1819; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1803-1810) and traveled to Spain. 1797-02-14 Portugal, Algarve, Cabo de San Vicente Naval battle of Cabo de San Vicente. In front of Cabo de San Vicente, at the western end of the Portuguese Algarve coast, Spain and England faced each other with victory for the English. Spain was then allied to Revolutionary France by virtue of the "Treaty of San Ildefonso" (Segovia, 1796-08-18), which committed it to confront England in the framework of the French revolutionary wars. The Spanish squadron, made up of 27 ships of the line, 11 frigates and a brig, with a total of 2,638 guns, had sailed from Cartagena under the command of Lieutenant General José de Córdova (1732-1815) and shortly before reaching Cádiz, in In the midst of a strong storm, it was intercepted and defeated by the British Mediterranean fleet, with 15 ships of the line, four frigates, two sloops and a cutter, with a total of 1,430 guns. under the command of Admiral John Jervis (1735-1823). From that victory, which demonstrated their maritime supremacy and was a prelude to the most resounding triumph at Trafalgar (1805-10-21), the English set out to blockade the Spanish ports --especially Cádiz-- to hinder trade and shipping. communications of Spain with its colonies in America, with the consequence that Spain was forced to allow those colonies to trade with foreign ports through neutral ships. 1797-02-18 West Indies, Trinidad Island Invasion of Trinidad Island. A fleet of eighteen warships under the command of Scotsman Sir Ralph Abercromby (1734-1801), Commander-in-Chief of the British naval force in the West Indies, invaded Trinidad Island, a Spanish possession located near the eastern coast of Venezuela off to the Orinoco delta. A few days later, the Spanish Governor José María Chacón (1749-1833) surrendered the colony. Trinidad Island remained under the jurisdiction of Great Britain until, in 1962-08-31, it was granted independence. 1797-04-05 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño returns to Santafé. In 1797-04-05, Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) concluded in Santafé the last leg of his journey from Coro, where he had arrived on 1797-03-04. He had been absent from the viceregal capital since 1795-10-30, when he was taken to Cartagena along with ten other prisoners in the cause for attempted sedition as a result of the events of 1794-08-19. Nariño initially introduced himself to the magisterial canon Dr. Francisco Javier Serrano Gómez (nicknamed "Panela"), priest of the Cathedral, before going to the house of a very trusted friend (it has not been established whether it was José María Lozano or José Caicedo y Flórez ). Only his wife Magdalena Ortega was aware of his arrival and the spouses barely saw each other because Nariño stayed in the city for only a week in Santafé while he recovered a bit from the fatigue of the long trip and agreed details with some of his relatives about the course. to follow. From the capital he went to Boyacá and Santander, before returning in 1797-06-13 disillusioned by the null popular reaction to his incitements to rebellion. Nariño and his co-conspirators tried to set off a revolt in Santafé coinciding with the one that Juan Bautista Picornell (1759-1825), Manuel Cortés Campomanes (1775-1835), Manuel Gual (1759-1800) had been preparing in La Guaira and Caracas. and José María España (1761-1799) with the support of the wealthy Spanish merchant Manuel Montesinos y Rico settled in Caracas. 1797-06-13 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño again in Santafé. Disillusioned by the lack of popular reaction to his incitements to rebellion, Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) returned to Santafé after an unsuccessful tour of Boyacá and Santander undertaken from 1797-04-11. Nariño found his house closed because Magdalena was caring for her sick sister Luisa, and meanwhile took refuge in that of her brother José. This communicated his arrival to the most immediate relatives who visited him the same day. The next day, on the advice of his sister María Dolores, he went to her house (from which her husband Bernardino Ricaurte and Rigueyro were absent). Although Nariño ignores him, he has been recognized on the way back to Santafé and his presence in the New Kingdom will be reported to the authorities on 1797-07-03. 1797-07-03 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé The presence of Nariño in the New Kingdom of Granada is denounced. Upon arriving back in Santafé on 1797-06-13, Nariño was unaware that a week before (1797-06-07) he had been recognized on the way by an old acquaintance, the merchant Manuel de Mendoza, who as soon as he returned to the The capital in 1797-07-03 brought the fact to the attention of the Oidor Juan Hernández de Alba (Arévalo, Castilla, 1750-La Habana, c1816; Oidor in Santafé, 1791-1810). 1797-07-13 Venezuela, Caracas Gual and Spain conspiracy fails. Reported in Caracas before Pedro Carbonell (1720-1805; Captain General of Venezuela, 1792-1799), the conspiracy forged by Manuel Gual (1759-1800) and José María España (1761-1799) was thwarted. Gual and Spain fled Caracas. Apparently, the conspirators in Caracas despaired of receiving news of Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) from Santafé to start simultaneous popular uprisings in the two capitals. Meanwhile Nariño was hidden in Santafé (where he returned, in 1797-06-13, disappointed in his run through the northeastern provinces) and in the process of being convinced by family and friends to voluntarily surrender to the authorities - which he effectively had. place on 1797-07-19. For local authorities, the fuse of a "great general insurrection" was extinguished inches from the barrel; but what seems to have actually happened was that the conditions for a massive uprising against Spanish rule were not yet in place. The leaders Gual and Spain managed to flee from Caracas, but as time went by, both found a tragic end: Spain was executed in Caracas, on 1799-05-08; Gual died of poisoning on Trinidad Island on 1800-10-25. 1797-07-18 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Viceroy Mendinueta orders the arrest of Nariño and Vargas. Since his return to Santafé in 1797-06-13 Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) knew that, since he could not remain in hiding without putting his relatives and friends at serious risk, he had no choice but to surrender. But to do so - in such a way as to guarantee at least his life and, if possible, also the recovery of his freedom - his friends José María Lozano and José Caicedo obtained the mediation of the Archbishop of Santafé Baltasar Jaime Martinez Compañón (1737 -1797; Archbishop of Santafé, 1791-1797) who, in turn, obtained from the Viceroy Pedro de Mendinueta y Muzquiz (1736-1825; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1797-1803) the promise that Nariño's life would be respected, humiliating sanctions would not be applied, and he would be released as soon as he had rendered a statement to the satisfaction of the Royal Court and the Viceroy himself. Exasperated by Nariño's reluctance to set a date for his surrender and the Archbishop to reveal his whereabouts, in 1797-07-18 the Viceroy ordered the apprehension of Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) and Pedro Fermin de Vargas (1762-c1810) to who the rumors gave by present in the New Kingdom of Granada). The personal details of the fugitives were published and offered "... in the name of His Majesty the reward proportionate to the circumstances, of a proportionate destiny or four thousand pesos ..." under the prudent provision that "... if it is seen that the Nariño prison results in a commotion in the town, it will be suspended and he will communicate what is convenient without wasting time ... " Once the Viceroy's determination was known, the voluntary surrender of Nariño was agreed for 1797-07-19. 1797-07-19 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño voluntarily surrenders to Viceroy Mendinueta. On the morning of 1797-07-19, according to what was agreed by the Viceroy Pedro Mendinueta with the Archbishop of Santafé Baltasar Jaime Martínez Compañón on his behalf, accompanied to the door of the viceregal palace by Pedro Chavarri, Secretary of the Archdiocese, Antonio Nariño Delivery to the Oidor Juan Hernandez de Alba (1750-d1816), who leads him to the Viceroy's office. Immediately after his interview with the president, the prisoner is taken to the Cavalry Barracks "... where he was arrested with the corresponding surveillance orders for his safety ..." Treated with greater or lesser severity, Nariño will remain in prison until 1810-05 when, at his request and with the support of the Commissioner Regio Antonio de Villavicencio (1775-1816), he succeeds in getting the Provisional Government Board of Cartagena to decree his release on bail. 1797-08-17 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé The Archbishop of Santafé, Baltasar Jaime Martínez Compañón y Bujanda (1737-1797) dies. Born in Estella, Navarra, on 1737-10-01. Bishop of Trujillo, Peru, 1779-1790. Archbishop of Santafé, 1791-1797, as successor to Archbishop-Viceroy Antonio Caballero y Góngora (Priego de Córdoba, 1723-Córdoba, 1796; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1782-1789). His mediation before Viceroy Pedro de Mendinueta y Muzquiz (1736-1825; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1797-1803) and the Royal Audience was decisive to achieve - in 1797-07-19, less than a month before his own death - the delivery and submission of Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) to the viceregal authorities. 1797-09-19 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Viceroy reports on the voluntary surrender of Nariño and recommends prudence. In a communication addressed to the Prince of Peace Manuel Godoy (1767-1851), Viceroy Pedro Mendinueta states that he believes that Antonio Nariño, perhaps repentant for his previous actions, acted in good faith by voluntarily presenting himself to the authorities on 1797-07-19 in Santafé and that by doing so he avoided high expenses of the treasury in quelling the rebellion that could have caused. In the Viceroy's opinion, the bloody reprisals of 1781 were the cause of the disorders of 1794 and the reprisals against the alleged promoters of such disorders are at the origin of the concerns of the day. 1797-11-02 Spain, Madrid The King approves the conduct of his Viceroy in Santafé. Royal Order of Carlos IV (1748-1819; King of Spain, 1788-1808) approves the performance of his Viceroy Pedro Mendinueta in the negotiations that resulted in the voluntary surrender of Antonio Nariño in 1797-07-19 and the assurances that were they gave him respect for his person. 1797-11-16 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño proposes administrative reforms. Antonio Nariño, responding to the request made in 1797-09 by Viceroy Pedro de Mendinueta y Muzquiz (1736-1825; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1797-1803), presents "... so that he can address His Majesty ..." his «Essay on a new administration plan in the New Kingdom of Granada », the combined fruit of his experience and his reflections. Nariño's application to please Mendinueta did not produce his expected freedom because, while the Viceroy may have been inclined to grant it, he did not wish to upset the Oidores. Thus, only the King and his Supreme Council of the Indies could resolve in this regard, since the Royal Audience of Santafé would not suffer the innocence of Nariño being declared, insofar as this would imply that what has been done since 1794 appears disproportionate or unfair (as Mendinueta saw it in his message to Godoy, 1797-09-19). Meanwhile, the prison conditions of Nariño from 1797-09 became less burdensome, 1798-03-28 Spain, Madrid The King of Spain removes Godoy. At the request of the French cabinet, the Prince of Peace and royal favorite Manuel Godoy (1767-1851) was replaced in the First Secretary of State by the Minister of Finance Francisco de Saavedra (1746-1819), former Mayor of the Treasury in Caracas ( 1783-1788). Due to illness, Saavedra was replaced on 1799-02-21 by Mariano Luis de Urquijo, Senior Official of the Ministry. Fearful the King and his ministers by the hostile attitude of the French Directory, in 1799-06-11 they offered to please him as he deemed necessary to his policy. 1798-05-19 France, Toulon Napoleon launches Campaign over Egypt and Syria (1798-05 to 1801-09). Undertaken with the objectives of defending the commercial interests of France in this region of the Ottoman Empire, hindering British access to India, and establishing scientific missions in the visited areas, the French Directory entrusted Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) with the supreme command of this Campaign. At the head of some 40,000 enlisted men and 10,000 sailors aboard 13 ships of the line, 14 frigates and 400 transport ships, he left the Mediterranean port of Toulon with immediate destination to the Island of Malta, where he arrived in 1798-06- 09 and took without difficulty before continuing to Alexandria, in Egypt, where he arrived on 1708-07-01. In 1798-08-01-03 Napoleon suffered a crushing defeat in the Nile delta at the hands of Sir Horace Nelson (1758-1805), who practically wiped out his fleet. In 1799 the ground forces suffered severe losses in the course of the incursion into the territory of Damascus (Syria and Galilee) on their march through Arish, Gaza, Jaffa and Haifa. The attempt to reduce the fortress of Acre failed, Napoleon arranged for a return to Egypt, where he arrived at the end of 1799-07. In 1799-08-24, without awaiting orders from the French Directory, Napoleon left General Jean Baptiste Kléber (1753-1800) in command and returned to France (Frejus, 1799-10-09), to arrive in Paris at the end of of 1799-10 and be received as a hero. Napoleon arranged for his return to Egypt, where he arrived in late 1799-07. In 1799-08-24, without awaiting orders from the French Directory, Napoleon left General Jean Baptiste Kléber (1753-1800) in command and returned to France (Frejus, 1799-10-09), to arrive in Paris at the end of of 1799-10 and be received as a hero. Napoleon arranged for his return to Egypt, where he arrived in late 1799-07. In 1799-08-24, without awaiting orders from the French Directory, Napoleon left General Jean Baptiste Kléber (1753-1800) in command and returned to France (Frejus, 1799-10-09), to arrive in Paris at the end of of 1799-10 and be received as a hero. 1799-01-19 Venezuela, La Guaira Simón Bolívar adolescent travels to Spain. Attending to incessant requests, repeated over the years since the beginning of his puberty (a mention of his wishes in this regard appears in a letter from his uncle Carlos to his uncle and tutor Esteban, dated 1794-09-24), Carlos Palacios y Blanco (1762-1805), uncle and substitute guardian of the young Simón Bolívar (born 1783-07-24, and then fifteen and a half years old) embarked him in La Guaira bound for Spain, with scheduled stops in Veracruz ( Mexico) and in Havana (Cuba). Simón traveled in the company of his 13-year-old friend Esteban Escobar and Vildósola (a native of La Guaira, a schoolboy from Caracas and a fellow at the Royal Military College of Segovia). They were on board the ship "San Ildefonso", under the command of Captain José Uriarte y Borja. The war being waged by Spain and England at that time made transatlantic voyages risky, so this project had been postponed for some time. Apparently the insistence of young Simón ended up overcoming the fears and prevention of his uncles Carlos and Esteban. In 1799-02-02 the travelers arrive in Veracruz, where they are forced to stop until 1799-03-20 before the news that Havana was under siege by the English. Simón takes advantage of the circumstance to get to know Mexico City, visiting the cities of Jalapa and Puebla in passing. Once in Havana, they must wait a few days before proceeding to Spain in a convoy protected by warships. In 1799-05-30 they disembarked in Santoña, Province of Vizcaya, near San Sebastián, and via Bilbao they continue to the Spanish capital. Simón arrived in Madrid around 1799-06-10, where he was received by his favorite uncle and tutor Esteban Palacios y Blanco (1764-1830), who initially took him to live with him at the home of his friend Manuel Mallo, where he lived. Another uncle of Simón, Pedro Palacios y Blanco (1769-1811), arrived in Madrid a few days later to meet with Esteban and his nephew. In 1799-08-01, uncles and nephew establish a separate house. 1799-05-08 Venezuela, Caracas Execution of José María Spain (1761-1799). Alma, together with Manuel Gual (1759-1800), of the frustrated conspiracy of 1797-07. Spain had escaped from the capital, to which it returned in 1799-01. His return was denounced to the authorities by Cuban Pedro José Caro, a former revolutionary turned agent of the Spanish Crown. The imprudence of Spain in hiding in her own home facilitated her capture on 1799-04-19. Put on trial, he was sentenced to death. With the rope around his neck, it is said that he shouted to his executioners: "It will not be many years without my blood being avenged in this very place." 1799-08-31 Spain, Madrid, Palace of San Ildefonso The King cuts the cause for attempted sedition in Santafé. Accepting the opinion of his Council of the Indies of 1799-06-21 regarding the cause of attempted sedition on the occasion of the events of 1794 in Santafé, Carlos IV (1748-1819; King of Spain, 1788-1808) issues Royal Order to "... declare closed and dead in the state in which the aforementioned cause of meditated uprising is found without any appeal or appeal being admitted, considering the evidence resulting from it against the fifteen defendants processed with prison and delays that have suffered and ordering that all be released, with the expression of being able to continue their studies and professions without a grade and as if no action had been taken against them ... " The fifteen prisoners referred to are the ten who were sent to Spain in 1795: Luis de Rieux, Manuel Antonio Froes, José de Ayala, Sinforoso Mutis, Francisco Antonio Zea, Ignacio Pablo Sandino, Pedro Pradilla, Bernardo Cifuentes, José María Cabal, Enrique Umaña; plus five defendants who remained in the New Kingdom: Antonio Cortés, Juan José and Nicolás Hurtado y Arboleda, Miguel de Valenzuela, Miguel Tadeo Gómez - who, thanks to the intercession of Archbishop Baltasar Jaime Martínez Compañón (1737-1797; Archbishop of Santafé, 1791-1797), were free from 1795-12-19. The same royal provision orders the Royal Court of Santafé "... to account, as soon as possible, of the results of the two cases that were being substantiated in plenary on pasquines and printing of the paper entitled" Rights of Man "..." 1799-09-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Rionegro José María Córdova is born. Son of Crisanto de Córdova y Mesa (at that time mayor of the Antioqueño town of La Concepción in the jurisdiction of Rionegro) and his wife Pascuala Muñoz Castrillón, married in Barbosa (1794-02-20). He comes to keep his sisters Gertrudis and Venancia company, and precedes Salvador (1801), Vicente, Mercedes and Mariana (Rionegro, 1808). His paternal great-grandfather Andrés Laureano Fernández de Córdova had come from Seville in 1720 to Antioquia, at that time the famous gold-bearing region. On the maternal side, his grandfather Gabriel Ignacio Muñoz was mayor of Medellín and was a rich landowner in Barbosa. His father's poor business skills soon left the family broke. 1799-11-09 France, Paris Coup d'état of «18 Brumaire» . In 1799-11-09, the denunciation of an alleged terrorist plot prompted the frightened «Council of the Elders» to appoint Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Consul of France, 1799-1804; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) - recently disembarked (Frejus, 1799-10-09) from his expedition to Egypt - by Commander of the troops in Paris, already transferring the place of the Council sessions to Saint-Cloud. The Constitution is repealed and the five members of the Board of Directors (Paul Barras, Roger Ducos, Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès, Louis-Jérôme Gohier and Jean-François Moulin) are removed from their functions. 1799-11-11 France, Paris Provisional Consuls in France. The three provisional Consuls - Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), Abbe Emmanuel-Joseph Sieyès (1748-1836) and Pierre Roger Ducos (1747-1816) - appointed by two constitutional commissions made up of deputies affected the day before, enter in functions. They appoint Ministers of War (Louis Alexandre Berthier), Finance (Martin-Michel-Charles Gaudin), Justice (Jean-Jacques Régis de Cambacérès) and Police (Joseph Fouché, future first Duke of Otranto). These appointments were followed in 1799-11-12 by those of the Interior (Pierre-Simon, Marquis de Laplace) and of the Navy (Marc-Antoine Bourdon de Vatry) and in 1799-11-22 those of Foreign Relations (Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand -Perigord) and Marina (Pierre-Alexandre-Laurent Forfait, replacing Bourdon de Vatry). 1799-11-25 Spain, Madrid Council of the Indies begins review of the case against Nariño. In compliance with the Royal Order of 1799-08-31 to the Royal Court of Santafé, the file formed against Antonio Nariño and his defense lawyer José Antonio Ricaurte as a result of the printing and clandestine distribution of the paper entitled "Rights of Man and Citizen" It reaches the hands of the Governor of the Supreme Council of the Indies, Antonio Porlier y Sopranis (1722-1813), 1st Marqués de Bajamar, for review decision. The failure occurs on 1800-08-08. 1799-12-14 United States, Fairfax County (Virginia) George Washington (1732-1799) dies. American revolutionary general (1775-1783) and first President of the United States of America (1789-1797). From a wealthy family, he inherited from his brother Lawrence Washington (1718-1752) the property of Mount Vernon, which he had named in honor of the English Admiral Edward Vernon (1684-1757) under whose orders he served during the siege of Cartagena de Indias ( 1741-03-13 to 1741-05-20). He reached the rank of colonel in the war between France and England ( "French and Indian War", which concluded in 1763 with the Treaty of Paris). Commander of the Virginia forces, he was in charge of the defense of the western frontier (1755-1758). He retired to dedicate himself to managing his property and in 1759 he married Martha Dandridge Custis (1731-1802), a widow at the time. He served in the House of Burgesses (1759-1774) and in the Continental Congress (1774-1775). In 1775 he was appointed commander of the continental army. During the revolution he was distinguished by his leadership skills. At the end of the war with the capture of Yorktown (1781) he returned to his civil life. Delegate and President of the Constitutional Convention (1787) helped secure the ratification of the Constitution in Virginia (1787-09-17). Unanimously elected as the first President (1789-1793), he set out to endow the nascent nation with a strong central government. Re-elected for a second term (1793-1797) he pursued a conciliatory policy among those who became the federalist and democratic parties. He declared himself neutral in the war between England and France (1793). He refused to serve a third presidential term, setting a precedent that stood for 144 years. He is known as the Father of his Country and is considered one of the most prominent figures in the history of the United States. He died on 1799-12-14, at his home in Mount Vernon, Fairfax County, VA. He declared himself neutral in the war between England and France (1793). He refused to serve a third presidential term, setting a precedent that stood for 144 years. He is known as the Father of his Country and is considered one of the most prominent figures in the history of the United States. He died on 1799-12-14, at his home in Mount Vernon, Fairfax County, VA. He declared himself neutral in the war between England and France (1793). He refused to serve a third presidential term, setting a precedent that stood for 144 years. He is known as the Father of his Country and is considered one of the most prominent figures in the history of the United States. He died on 1799-12-14, at his home in Mount Vernon, Fairfax County, VA. 1799-12-24 France, Paris New Constitution for France proclaimed. The so-called "Constitution of the year VIII" (according to the Calendar of Revolutionary France), drawn up in the image of the ancient Roman Republic of the August Caesars by Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) and his immediate collaborators to consolidate the Coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (Paris, 1799-11-09), hands over the supreme power to a triumvirate presided over, with dictatorial powers, by the same Bonaparte appointed as First Consul . For practical purposes this Constitution, which put an end to the chaos and horrors of the French Revolution, remained in force until the proclamation of the Empire in 1804-05-18, with Napoleon as Emperor of the French. 1800-06-14 Italy, Alessandria (Piedmont) Napoleon, victor in Marengo. The Battle of Marengo took place near the town of Alessandria, in Piedmont in northeastern Italy. It concluded with a victory for France and determined the withdrawal of Austrian troops from most of Italian territory. The French army led by Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) appointed First Consul after the 18 Brumaire Coup (1799-11-09) was attacked by the Austrians under the command of General Michael von Melas (1729-1806). Although the French were caught off guard, the course of the battle was dramatically altered by the return (in response to Napoleon's urgent call) of French troops under General Louis Desaix de Veygoux (1768-1800). A counterattack led by Desaix, after a brief artillery barrage, it hit the right wing of the Austrians and a cavalry charge completed its defeat. The Austrians withdrew to Alessandria, having lost half their army. French casualties were much less, but General Desaix, without whose intervention the battle would have been lost, perished in action. 1800-08-08 Spain, Madrid Council of the Indies, in review ruling, suggests granting pardon to Nariño and Ricaurte. In 1799-11-25 the file formed against Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) and José Antonio Ricaurte (1748-1804) as a result of the printing and clandestine distribution of the paper entitled "Rights of Man and of the Citizen"It came to the hands of the Governor of the Supreme Council of the Indies, Antonio Porlier y Sopranis (1722-1813), 1st Marqués de Bajamar, for review decision. In the discussion of the final report, by majority vote of the 17 magistrates, it was possible to recommend to the King the pardon of Antonio Nariño, José Antonio Ricaurte, and others involved in the 1794 cause; the absolute forgetfulness of everything past; the restitution of each one to the state they had before the case began; and, finally, that neither the procedures of the Royal Court of Santafé are approved nor disapproved. Four magistrates withdrew from the majority to agree to the pardon for Nariño "... because of what was promised to the Archbishop of Santafé ...", but approving the action of the Royal Court and confirming the guilt of Nariño and Ricaurte, since recognizing their innocence was as much as recognizing the innocence of the "Rights of Man" and admitting that they did not threaten the stability of the established order. Against custom, in 1800-11-19, Carlos IV (1748-1819; King of Spain, 1788-1808) departed from the opinion of his Council of the Indies to order that the inmates continue in prison and incommunicado while "... peace ... "he would dispose as he saw fit. 1800-10-25 England, Trinidad Island Assassination of Manuel Gual. Manuel Gual (1759-1800), one of the leaders of the conspiracy against the colonial regime unveiled in Caracas in 1797-07-13 and who on his return from London was preparing to go to Venezuela, dies of poisoning on Trinidad Island by an agent of the government of Caracas. 1800-11-19 Spain, Madrid Unusually, the King departs from the ruling of the Council of the Indies in the case against Nariño. Perhaps in reaction to reports received on the attempts of Francisco de Miranda and Pedro Fermin de Vargas to obtain in Europe and North America support for the independence of the Spanish colonies in America, Carlos IV (1748-1819; King of Spain, 1788-1808) deviates from the ruling of its Supreme Council of the Indies in a review ruling issued on 1800-08-08 to provide, instead, that "... both Nariño and the other arrested accomplices and the lawyer Ricaurte continue in prison and without communication peace I will dispose of them as I see fit ... " It also determined that the proposal requested by Viceroy Pedro Mendinueta from Nariño on administrative reforms would go to the Royal Treasury for examination; and that "... the Viceroy of Santafé be entrusted with the utmost care in the introduction of books and papers and their impressions, and the most exact compliance with the laws that govern those my domains, observing them with the most prudent vigilance ..." The royal resolution concludes with a severe admonition to his Council by entrusting him"... that from now on, in the causes that are under your care and especially in those that are so serious by their nature, you always consult me in accordance with the laws, without proposing arbitrary means and composition by way of grace, for doing it with my criminal vassals and dispensing the rigor of penalties is the noblest attribute of sovereignty, which in no way can or should exercise, and whose delicate execution depends, most times, on knowledge with which it is not informed ... " 1800-12-13 Spain, Madrid Fall of Minister Urquijo in Spain. At the request of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814), the First Secretary of State Mariano Luis de Urquijo (1769-1817) fell - in office from 1799-02-21, when he replaced the titular Francisco de Saavedra (1746-1819). He is replaced in high office by Pedro Cevallos Guerra (1759-1839), political cousin and alter ego of the royal favorite Manuel Godoy (1767-1851). 1800-12-24 France, Paris Attack against Napoleon Bonaparte. In Paris, attack against the First Consul Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), who escaped unharmed despite the fact that there were 22 deaths in the incident. It is attributed to Georges Cadoudal (1771-1804) with British support. Suspicion initially falls on the Jacobins (or Highlanders; extremist centralist Republicans), for which many of them are arrested and deported en masse. Then it is discovered that it is the work of the royalists, so they proceed to arrest supporters of the monarchy. Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816) is also suspected of having participated in the plot, which motivates his expulsion from Paris (1801-03-22) 1801-03-20 Spain, Madrid Bolívar leaves Madrid and travels to Bilbao. For unknown reasons, possibly linked to equally unknown reasons - probably in connection with his friendship with Manuel Mallo, a casual favorite of Queen María Luisa de Parma (1751-1819; Queen Consort of Spain, 1788-1808) - that led his uncle Esteban Palacios y Blanco (1764-1830) to prison between 1800-09 and 1802- ?, Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) left the Spanish capital on a trip to Bilbao, a destination preceded by his future father-in-law Don Bernardo Rodríguez del Toro y Ascanio (1747-1824) and his daughter María Teresa. 1802-03-25 France, Picardy, Amiens Signing of the "Peace of Amiens". The agreement ended the war between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and the First French Republic plus its allies Spain and the Batavian Republic - sister of the French Republic that existed between 1795 and 1806, when it was transformed into the Kingdom of Holland by Emperor Napoléon Bonaparte (1769-1821). The treaty, which spelled the final collapse of the Second Coalition - the second combined effort by multiple European countries, led by the Archduchate of Austria and the Russian Empire, to contain the French Revolution - left very important questions unsolved. that peace lasted only a year: the United Kingdom would organize the Third Coalition, declaring war on the First French Empire after the coming to power of William Pitt, The Younger (1759-1806; Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, 1783-1802, 1804-1806). 1802-05-26 Spain, Madrid Marriage of Simón Bolívar. In the Chapel of San José, dependent on the Parish of San Luis, the marriage of Simón Bolívar y Palacios (1783-1830) with María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alayza (1781-1803) is celebrated in Madrid. After fourteen months of forced absence from the capital (for unknown reasons) and during which he lived for a time in Bilbao before traveling through France while fulfilling his father-in-law's demand to wait a little before marriage, the young Simón had returned at the beginning of the month to the Spanish capital to complete the necessary procedures. On 1802-05-05, before a notary, he made the declarations of law stating that the previous year he had lived in Bilbao, with occasional trips to France, having stayed in Madrid for almost two previous years. On the other hand, from the statements of Maria Teresa, On 1802-05-13, it is clear that she was born in Madrid. The newlyweds embarked for Venezuela towards the end of 1802-06, arriving in La Guaira on 1802-07-12. At the end of 1802-08, they arrived in Caracas and established residence in the house that Simón inherited as part of the assets integrated into the«Link of the Conception» . 1803-01-22 Venezuela, Caracas Death of the young wife of Simón Bolívar. Victim of yellow fever, María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alayza (1781-1803), wife of Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), died less than eight months after their marriage (Madrid, 1802-05-26). Inconsolable, the young widower returned to Europe in 1803-10. On the eve of his trip, he refrained from giving his uncle and former tutor Carlos Palacios (1762-1805) the content of the accounts that he presented at the last minute. In 1803-10-23, he granted power to his brother Juan Vicente Bolívar (1781-1811) to manage his affairs and embarked for Cádiz where he arrived at the end of 1803-12. 1803-03-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé After almost six years in prison in Santafé, since his negotiated delivery (1797-07-19) to Viceroy Pedro de Mendinueta y Múzquiz (1736-1825; Viceroy, 1796-1803), the Oidor Juan Hernández de Alba (1750- d1816), in view of urgent recommendations from a Medical Board - made up of doctors Sebastián López Ruiz, Miguel de Isla and José Celestino Mutis - and after a guarantee provided by his friends Andrés Otero and Juan de Vergara, he agrees to authorize Antonio Nariño ( 1765-1823) the transfer to house arrest, with a sentry of sight in the person of Juan González, second lieutenant of the Company of Halberdiers, in the "Montes" ranch near the capital. Also known as Fucha or Muzú, this was a rural property owned by Andrés Otero from 1793-02-12 that in the recent past (between 1791-02 and 1792-03) had fleetingly belonged to Nariño himself. 1803-08-02 France, Paris Napoleon, Consul for life. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) is appointed Consul for life. 1803-09-17 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Viceroy Amar takes office. Antonio Amar y Borbón (1742-c1819: Viceroy of New Granada, 1803-1810), Knight of the Order of Santiago, Field Marshal of the Royal Armies, Grand Cross of the Order of Carlos III, Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Hermenegildo, succeeds Pedro de Mendinueta y Muzquiz (1736-1825; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1797-1803). He remained in office until 1810-07-20, when he was deposed by popular will in favor of a Governing Board, of which he was initially appointed President to also be deposed of it on 1810-07-25 in anticipation of a violent reaction against the rebels. In 1810-08-15 he was expelled from the capital and sent to Cartagena de Indias to embark for Spain. 1803-10-23 Venezuela, La Guaira Bolívar returns to Europe. Deeply affected by the death (Caracas, 1803-01-22) of his young wife María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alayza (1781-1803), Simón Bolívar decided to return to Europe. On the eve of his trip, he refrained from giving his uncle and former tutor Carlos Palacios (1762-1805) the content of the accounts that he presented at the last minute. In 1803-10-23, he granted power to his brother Juan Vicente Bolívar (1781-1811) to manage his affairs and embarked for Cádiz where he arrived at the end of 1803-12. 1804-01-01 Haiti, Gonaives Independence of Haiti, first in Latin America. After signing the capitulation with the French, Jean-Jacques Dessalines (1758-1806) proclaimed the independence of Haiti. After a long and fierce struggle for the abolition of slavery and for its independence from France, Haiti became the first Republic to emerge in Latin America, becoming an example and warning for the Spanish colonies. The new regime systematically exterminated the remaining whites and prevented any white people from reestablishing ownership. He recognized as Haitian, and therefore free, any black or mulatto born in other colonies and declared war on the slave trade. Spain, in reaction, denied black or white Haitians entry to its colonies. Given its proximity, 1804-05-18 France, Paris Napoleon, Emperor of the French. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), First Consul from 1799-11-09, is proclaimed Emperor of the French. Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) witnesses the imposing ceremony in Saint Cloud. 1804-12-02 France, Paris Coronation of Napoleon Bonaparte in Paris. In a solemn ceremony officiated by Pius VII (1742-1823; Pope, 1800-1823) in the Notre-Dame Cathedral, Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of the French, 1804-1814) is crowned. Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) witnesses the ceremony. 1805-08-15 Italy, Rome Oath of Bolívar on the Monte Sacro. From the top of one of the hills that dominate Rome, the young Caracas widower Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), in the presence of his former teacher Simón Rodríguez (1769-1854) and his close childhood friend Fernando Rodríguez del Toro and Ibarra (1772-1822), vows to devote his life to the cause of the independence of Spanish America. 1805-08-30 England, London Miranda leaves London for the United States. In a last communication before his departure from London, Francisco de Miranda wrote to Joseph Lambot, his agent on Trinidad Island, to warn the patriots gathered there to get ready to join the liberating expedition at the site that he will indicate in due course. He expresses his distrust towards Pedro Fermin de Vargas, a former collaborator from New Granada, whom he now considers an intrigue. Miranda heads to the port of Gravesend from where she embarks for New York on 1805-09-02. 1805-10-21 Spain, Trafalgar Battle of Trafalgar. During the War of the Third Coalition (1805-08 to 1805-12) of the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815), between the port of Cádiz and the Strait of Gibraltar, the English fleet under the command of Vice-Admiral Lord Horatio Nelson ( n 1758-09-29) defeats a powerful Franco-Spanish squad commanded by Vice-Admiral Pierre-Charles de Villeneuve (1763-1806). A triumph with serious consequences for Spain, at the irreparable cost to England of the life of its famous commander Nelson. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814), evidently affected by the serious naval disaster that put an end to his plans to invade England, limited himself to exclaiming: "… I cannot be everywhere! ... " Spain also lost in action some of its most expert marine, such as the commanders Cosme de Churruca (n Guipúzcoa, 1761-09-27), Dionisio Alcalá Galiano (n Córdoba, 1760-10-08) and, a few months later, Vice-Admiral Federico Gravina (n Palermo, Sicily, 1756-08-12), who was wounded. The defeat meant for Spain the end of its naval dominance - already badly battered after the previous defeat at Cape San Vicente (1797-02-14) - and marked the beginning of the end of its three-century overseas empire. For the moment, it paralyzed the trade between Spain and its American colonies; and, as a consequence, it provoked a general crisis in the Royal Treasury, since in the years immediately preceding Trafalgar the colonies contributed a quarter of the income to the Crown. 1806-02-18 Haiti, Jacmel Miranda in Haiti. Francisco de Miranda at the head of the small liberating expedition on Latin America that left New York at the end of 1806-01, arrives at the Haitian port of Jacmel. Commission Captain Thomas Lewis (to whom he has also conferred the pompous rank of Colonel of the First Infantry Regiment of the Colombian Army) to go to Port-au-Prince in the company of his aide-de-camp William S. Smith to try to win over Captain Jacob Lewis (Thomas's brother), who with his ship «Emperor» had left New York for Haiti before the «Leander», to get you to join the expedition. Meanwhile, from the small printing press on board the first proclamations addressed to the coastal towns by the brand new Liberator Miranda, dated 1806-03, begin to come out, when he expected to be in Costa Firme. 1806-03-12 Haiti, Jacmel The tricolor of Colombia flies for the first time. While Francisco de Miranda, on board his ship «Leander» anchored since 1806-02-18 in the Bay of Jacmel in Haiti, awaiting the return of his commissioners to Port-au-Prince, prepares his next steps on the Costa Firme, he makes wave to the wind from the top of the mast of the boat the tricolor flag devised by himself for his free homeland, which will be called "Colombia" in homage to the Discoverer Christopher Columbus. The new flag "... with the three primary colors of the rainbow ..." is saluted with cannon salutes as votes are formulated for the triumph of freedom in Latin America, according to an eyewitness. 1806-04-28 Venezuela, Ocumare de la Costa Failed landing attempt at Ocumare. The attempt to disembark in Ocumare by Francisco de Miranda's liberating expedition on Costa Firme the night before was not successful. When daylight broke on 1806-04-28, two Spanish ships with greater war capacity - the brig "Argos" and the schooner "Celosa" - attacked the invading flotilla and after forty minutes Miranda gave the signal to retreat. Captain "Leander" manages to save herself and flees in the direction of Bonaire, but the schooners "Bacchus" and "Bee"they are captured and taken to Puerto Cabello with about sixty men on board, including officers, soldiers, and sailors. Put on trial for the crimes of rebellion, piracy, and murder, ten of them will be sentenced to death in 1806-07 and the rest to various prison terms. 1806-06-25 Argentina, Buenos Aires First English invasion of Buenos Aires. A small English force, made up of some 1,600 troops under the command of Colonel William Carr Beresford (1768-1854), attacked Buenos Aires, capital of the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata. Viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte y Núñez (1745-1827; Viceroy of Río de la Plata, 1804-1807), unable to organize the defense, surrendered the capital in 1806-06-27 and retreated to Córdoba, a city to which in 1806- 07-14 designates the capital of the Viceroyalty and from where it orders that Buenos Aires not be obeyed while the occupation lasts. He gathered the troops available throughout the Province —which included Cuyo— and those of Salta —which was then formed by Tucumán and Santiago del Estero— and within a few weeks he marched at the head of an army of about 3,000 men back towards Buenos Aires. Meanwhile, 1806-08-03 Venezuela, La Vela de Coro Miranda lands in Venezuela. At dawn 1806-08-03, protected by the fire from the ships, Francisco de Miranda's forces managed to disembark. They take the fort and occupy the small port of La Vela de Coro. For the first time, the tricolor flag of Colombia flies over Costa Firme. Miranda distributes copies of his "Proclamation" , printed some time ago while he was anchored in front of Jacmel in Haiti, and sends communications to the Cabildo de Coro and the Bishop of Mérida Santiago Hernández Milanés seeking their support for the cause of freedom. Miranda leaves the square garnished and goes to Coro in the afternoon of the same day. It arrives at dawn the next. 1806-08-04 Venezuela, Coro Miranda in Coro. Francisco de Miranda at the head of his small liberation army landed the day before in La Vela de Coro and entered Coro, evacuated by the royalist forces and by a good part of its population. Miranda waits in vain for the influx of enthusiastic adherents to the liberating cause that he was certain would occur upon his arrival. Not even the few residents who remained in the city show any enthusiasm. The royalists cut off the food supply routes and Miranda soon realized that with the few forces that accompanied him it was impossible to sustain the square. On 1806-08-07, at ten o'clock at night, he left it to return to the port. 1806-08-13 Venezuela, La Vela de Coro Miranda retires from Venezuela. A Council of War chaired in 1806-08-13 by Francisco de Miranda opts for the eviction of the precarious port of La Vela de Coro, when the patriotic landing forces have been reduced to about 200 men while the royalists increase. At around one in the afternoon the squad set sail. Miranda thought about heading to the Rio de La Hacha in New Granada but finally decided on Aruba. They arrived on 1806-08-19. 1806-11-08 England, Island of Trinidad Miranda up to Trinidad. Francisco de Miranda, who left Barbados Island on 1806-11-04, arrives at Trinidad Island. He will stay there for almost a year (until 1807-10-24) anchored by the lack of resources; the numerous claims against him by soldiers, sailors and officers, as well as merchants defrauded in their payments; they are already waiting for British support. He resides in Williamsfield, in the home of Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane (1758-1832) in the vicinity of the capital Port of Spain. He dedicates time to his long-standing habit of writing tirelessly to as many characters as he believes, in the English West Indies or in the metropolis, may have some influence to ensure that their demands are met. 1806-11-21 Germany, Berlin Napoleon arranges blockade of England. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814), who seized Berlin from 1806-10-27, decreed in 1806-11-21 a "Continental Blockade" against England to cause its economic strangulation. Spain initially abstained from participating in the blockade. He joined him on 1808-01-03. 1807-02-03 Uruguay, Montevideo The English occupy Montevideo. Rejected on 1806-08-12 from Buenos Aires - the one they had occupied since 1806-06-25 - by a lesser force under the command of the captain Santiago de Liniers (1753-1810), a French officer in the service of Spain, the English managed to enter Montevideo after two long weeks of resistance (1807-01-16 to 1807-02-03). 1807-02-10 Argentina, Buenos Aires Removal of Viceroy Sobremonte. After the rejection in 1806-08-12 of the first English invasion of Buenos Aires by the forces led from Montevideo by the captain Santiago de Liniers (1753-1810), a French officer in the service of Spain, on 1806-08-14 An Open Cabildo in the viceregal capital had stripped Viceroy Rafael de Sobremonte y Núñez (1745-1827; Viceroy of Río de la Plata, 1804-1807) of the military command of the city. Sobremonte, who was leading the troops gathered by himself in Córdoba to liberate the capital, which Liniers was ahead of, was prevented from entering the city already liberated by Liniers. The Viceroy agreed to delegate the military command of the capital in Liniers and the political command in the Audiencia, and he moved with the Cordovan troops to Montevideo, where he arrived on 1806-10-12 and was also rejected. This is why he set up his camp at Las Piedras, a site four leagues from the city. Montevideo was under siege by the English from 1807-01-16 and occupied on 1807-02-03. When the news of the occupation of Montevideo was known in Buenos Aires without the Viceroy Sobremonte being able to prevent it, public protests led the Cabildo of Buenos Aires to pressure the Royal Court so that, in unprecedented action, it would decree the dismissal and arrest of the Viceroy, qualified inept, and the appointment of Liniers instead. In Spain, the authorities supported the decision of the Royal Court of Buenos Aires but, fearful that acquiescence to the popular will would set a bad example for the other Viceroyalties, they ordered the Court to communicate to the public that Sobremonte had resigned for reasons of Health. site four leagues from the city. Montevideo was under siege by the English from 1807-01-16 and occupied on 1807-02-03. When the news of the occupation of Montevideo was known in Buenos Aires without the Viceroy Sobremonte being able to prevent it, public protests led the Cabildo of Buenos Aires to pressure the Royal Court so that, in unprecedented action, it would decree the dismissal and arrest of the Viceroy, qualified inept, and the appointment of Liniers instead. In Spain, the authorities supported the decision of the Royal Court of Buenos Aires but, fearful that acquiescence to the popular will would set a bad example for the other Viceroyalties, they ordered the Court to communicate to the public that Sobremonte had resigned for reasons of Health. site four leagues from the city. Montevideo was under siege by the English from 1807-01-16 and occupied on 1807-02-03. When the news of the occupation of Montevideo was known in Buenos Aires without the Viceroy Sobremonte being able to prevent it, public protests led the Cabildo of Buenos Aires to pressure the Royal Court so that, in unprecedented action, it would decree the dismissal and arrest of the Viceroy, qualified inept, and the appointment of Liniers instead. In Spain, the authorities supported the decision of the Royal Court of Buenos Aires but, fearful that acquiescence to the popular will would set a bad example for the other Viceroyalties, they ordered the Court to communicate to the public that Sobremonte had resigned for reasons of Health. Montevideo was under siege by the English from 1807-01-16 and occupied on 1807-02-03. When the news of the occupation of Montevideo was known in Buenos Aires without the Viceroy Sobremonte being able to prevent it, public protests led the Cabildo of Buenos Aires to pressure the Royal Court so that, in unprecedented action, it would decree the dismissal and arrest of the Viceroy, qualified inept, and the appointment of Liniers instead. In Spain, the authorities supported the decision of the Royal Court of Buenos Aires but, fearful that acquiescence to the popular will would set a bad example for the other Viceroyalties, they ordered the Court to communicate to the public that Sobremonte had resigned for reasons of Health. Montevideo was under siege by the English from 1807-01-16 and occupied on 1807-02-03. When the news of the occupation of Montevideo was known in Buenos Aires without the Viceroy Sobremonte being able to prevent it, public protests led the Cabildo of Buenos Aires to pressure the Royal Court so that, in unprecedented action, it would decree the dismissal and arrest of the Viceroy, qualified inept, and the appointment of Liniers instead. In Spain, the authorities supported the decision of the Royal Court of Buenos Aires but, fearful that acquiescence to the popular will would set a bad example for the other Viceroyalties, they ordered the Court to communicate to the public that Sobremonte had resigned for reasons of Health. When the news of the occupation of Montevideo was known in Buenos Aires without the Viceroy Sobremonte being able to prevent it, public protests led the Cabildo of Buenos Aires to pressure the Royal Court so that, in unprecedented action, it would decree the dismissal and arrest of the Viceroy, qualified inept, and the appointment of Liniers instead. In Spain, the authorities supported the decision of the Royal Court of Buenos Aires but, fearful that acquiescence to the popular will would set a bad example for the other Viceroyalties, they ordered the Court to communicate to the public that Sobremonte had resigned for reasons of Health. When the news of the occupation of Montevideo was known in Buenos Aires without the Viceroy Sobremonte being able to prevent it, public protests led the Cabildo of Buenos Aires to pressure the Royal Court so that, in unprecedented action, it would decree the dismissal and arrest of the Viceroy, qualified inept, and the appointment of Liniers instead. In Spain, the authorities supported the decision of the Royal Court of Buenos Aires but, fearful that acquiescence to the popular will would set a bad example for the other Viceroyalties, they ordered the Court to communicate to the public that Sobremonte had resigned for reasons of Health. decree the dismissal and arrest of the Viceroy, described as inept, and the appointment of Liniers in his place. In Spain, the authorities supported the decision of the Royal Court of Buenos Aires but, fearful that acquiescence to the popular will would set a bad example for the other Viceroyalties, they ordered the Court to communicate to the public that Sobremonte had resigned for reasons of Health. decree the dismissal and arrest of the Viceroy, described as inept, and the appointment of Liniers in his place. In Spain, the authorities supported the decision of the Royal Court of Buenos Aires but, fearful that acquiescence to the popular will would set a bad example for the other Viceroyalties, they ordered the Court to communicate to the public that Sobremonte had resigned for reasons of Health. 1807-06-30 Argentina, Buenos Aires Liniers, acting Viceroy in the Río de la Plata. After the dismissal, in 1807-02-10, of Viceroy Rafaél de Sobremonte y Núñez (1745-1827; Virrey del Río de la Plata, 1804-1807) by the Royal Audience of Buenos Aires at the request of the Buenos Aires Cabildo, motivated by his Once due to popular discontent originated in the evident ineptitude of the Viceroy to defend first Buenos Aires (1806-06-25) and then Montevideo (1807-02-03) from the invasions of the English, the Royal Audience itself, in compliance of Royal Order of Carlos IV (1748-1819; King of Spain, 1788-1808), invested the captain of the ship Santiago de Liniers (1753-1810), French officer in the service of Spain, as interim Viceroy of the Río de la Plata by be the highest ranking official then in the Viceroyalty - in reality the appointment corresponded to the Governor of Montevideo, 1807-10-24 England, Trinidad Miranda Island returns to England. After staying on Trinidad Island for almost a year (from 1806-11-08) anchored by the lack of resources due to the numerous claims against him by soldiers, sailors and officers, as well as merchants defrauded in their payments; and lost the hope of receiving British support, Francisco de Miranda opts to return to England. Governor Sir Thomas Hislop (1764-1843) extends a letter of introduction to Lord Castlereagh (Robert Stewart, 1769-1822), Minister for War and the Colonies. In 1807-10-24 Miranda left Port of Spain accompanied by his secretary Tomás Molini, initially bound for Tortola Island to find a convoy heading to England. They arrive on 1807-11-01 and remain there until 1807-11-16. 1807-10-27 France, Paris Treaty of Fontainebleau. Agreement between France and Spain, signed by Manuel Godoy (1767-1851) on behalf of the latter as Head of Government, by means of which, in addition to a series of reciprocal territorial guarantees, the disappearance of the Kingdom of Portugal and its dismemberment in three States that would remain under the protection of the King of Spain under the condition that they could never be incorporated into his Crown. Godoy himself would govern the Province of Alentejo and the Kingdom of the Algarves. On the same day, in Madrid, Carlos IV (1748-1819; King of Spain, 1788-1808) ordered the arrest of his son Fernando, Prince of Asturias, involved in a conspiracy against the royal favorite Godoy and accused of wanting to dethrone the King . 1808-01-01 England, London Miranda back in London. Concluding his frustrated adventure of liberation over his Venezuelan homeland that began when he left London on 1805-08-30, Francisco de Miranda returns to his home on Grafton Street. There, Sarah Andrews and the couple's two children, Leandro and Francisco, await him. Without giving up, Miranda restarts her errands now before Lord Castlereagh and George Canning in government, without neglecting contact with her old friends Nicholas Vansittart and Sir Home Popham. The latter informed him of the details of his failed attempt to occupy Buenos Aires and Montevideo in early 1807 in a military operation that in Miranda's eyes showed England that "... the idea of conquering South America is as absurd as it is impractical ..." and he confirmed it in his opinion so often expressed that independence is the only way for England to obtain commercial advantages, as stated in a communication of 1807-04- 07. 1808-02-28 Spain, Madrid Napoleon invades Spain. The Court of Madrid realizes that the armies of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) are not passing through Portugal, as they claimed under the Treaty of Fontainebleau of 1807-10-27 by which France and Spain divided the Portuguese Kingdom, but have invaded Spain. The Kings, the almighty favorite Prince of Peace Manuel Godoy (1767-1851), and the Court initially sought refuge in the neighboring town of Aranjuez. Godoy, feeling insecure, proposed to move the Court to Seville or Cádiz to organize resistance to the invader from there. He even managed to suggest the transfer of the King to one of his dominions in America. But the Prince of Asturias objected and insisted, on the contrary, on the return of the Court to Madrid. Popular support for Fernando gave way to"Mutiny of Aranjuez" in 1808-03-17. 1808-03-17 Spain, Aranjuez «Mutiny of Aranjuez». Popular uprising in support of Fernando, Prince of Asturias in his proposal to return to Madrid instead of fleeing to Seville or Cádiz to escape Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814), whose immediate result was the dismissal of the Prince of Peace Manuel Godoy (1767-1851), Head of Government, favorite of Carlos IV (1748-1819; King of Spain, 1788-1808) and lover of Queen María Luisa. The people accused Godoy of having sold himself to the French who, under the pretext of breaking through to Portugal, had invaded Spanish territory. He tried to lynch him and only the ascendancy of the Prince of Asturias over the populace saved him from an enraged mob. After a few days, Carlos IV was forced to abdicate in favor of his son Fernando, who was received in Madrid by Marshal Joaquin Murat, Grand Duke of Berg, 1808-03-19 Spain, Aranjuez Abdication of Carlos IV in favor of Fernando VII. Under the pretext of the authorization obtained by Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) from the royal favorite Manuel Godoy (1767-1851) for the passage of his troops through Spanish territory to proceed with the capture of Portugal the French invasion of the Kingdom of Spain occurred. Upon realizing this, the royal family and the favorite took refuge in Aranjuez. Godoy wanted them to go to Cádiz or Seville to organize the resistance from there, but the Crown Prince Fernando of Asturias opposed the project, which broke out the so-called "Mutiny of Aranjuez"in the course of which Fernando had to use all his ancestry to prevent the people from lynching the favorite. As a last resort to calm heated spirits and protect the life of his minister, Carlos IV (1748-1819; King of Spain, 1788-1808) dismissed Godoy and exiled him to Granada. The following day he abdicated his throne in favor of his son, who assumed it under the name of Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833). 1808-04-30 France, Bayonne Fernando VII prisoner of Napoleon in Bayonne. After his triumphal entry into Madrid (1808-03-23) the new King Ferdinand VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) receives news of the proximity of the visit of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France , 1804-1814) in person and on 1808-04-10 chose to go out to meet him, accompanied by a distinguished retinue. On 04-12 they arrive in Burgos, from where they are advised to continue to Vitoria. When they enter the capital of Alava, they do not find Napoleon but some forty thousand of his troops surrounding the city and Fernando VII is ordered to cross the border in the direction of Bayonne, where he arrives on 04-30. There, his parents and the omnipresent favorite Manuel Godoy (1767-1851) await him who, at the instruction of the French Emperor, They blame Fernando for their disloyalty by having used the popular clamor in his favor to snatch the crown from them. Fernando agrees to return it and then Carlos IV resigns in favor of Napoleon (1808-05-10) only for him to pass it on to his brother José Bonaparte (1808-06-07). 1808-05-02 Spain, Madrid «Dos de Mayo» in Madrid. The people of Madrid rose up en masse against the French occupation, recklessly permitted by the actions and mistakes of "a corrupt Minister, a weak King and a dissolute and shameless Queen", at a time when the invaders proceeded to transfer to France the last members of the royal family who still remained in the Palacio de Oriente. The rebellion did not last long and was severely suppressed, but its effects were felt throughout the peninsula and for Spain it marked the beginning of its own war of independence. The popular reaction put in evidence the error of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) in confusing the monarch with his people, with fatal consequences. It was the signal to start the war throughout the territory, already occupied by about 150 thousand foreign troops. Defense boards were formed in all the Provinces and conferred supreme authority. Emissaries were sent to England to request their intervention against the common enemy. To all these, Napoleon had ceded the Spanish Crown to his brother José. With the Spanish nation up in arms against them, the French began large-scale operations in 1808-06-02, with the capture of Logroño by General Jean-Antoine Verdier. 1808-05-10 France, Bayonne Charles IV renounces his Crown in favor of Napoleon, who passes it on to his brother José. On 1808-05-10, Carlos IV (1748-1819; King of Spain, 1788-1808) signed the resignation of his recovered Crown in favor of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814). The renounced King and his wife Maria Luisa, together with their daughter of the same name and Queen Widow of Etruria were sent to Compiègne. Princes Fernando and Carlos his brother were sent to Valencey. The French Emperor, in turn, passed the Crown to his brother José Bonaparte, who in this way became King of Spain and the Indies (1808-06-07). 1808-06-06 France, Bayonne José Bonaparte, King of Spain and the Indies. After receiving from his brother Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Consul of France, 1799-1804; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) the Crown of Spain and the Indies, which he had in 1808-05-10 for forced abdication in his favor of the holder Carlos IV (1748-1819; King of Spain, 1788-1808), the new monarch José Bonaparte (1768-1844; King of Spain and the Indies, 1808-1813) convenes an assembly of notables to proceed to develop a new Charter Constitutional that offers the American Colonies equality with the metropolis and participation in the government. Among the representatives (informal because they lack any credentials) for the American possessions before the assembly in Bayonne are the expatriate New Granada Ignacio Sánchez de Tejada (Villa de El Socorro, 1764-Rome, 1808-06-06 Spain, Seville Junta of Seville declares war on France. The Supreme Board of Spain and the Indies, formed in Seville (1808-05-26) by local personalities under the presidency of former Minister Francisco de Saavedra (1746-1819), formally declares war on France, promising not to drop their arms until Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) returned to the Kingdom in complete freedom and in the fullness of his rights. He confirmed the military command to the Commander of San Roque Francisco Javier Castaños (1758-1852). He advocated party warfare as the only possible under the circumstances. When Seville capitulated to the French in 1810-02-01, the Supreme Board decided to move to Isla de León in the vicinity of Cádiz. 1808-06-17 Spain, Seville Junta de Sevilla requests support from the American colonies. The Supreme Central Board of Seville, formed in 1808-05-26, asks the American colonists to "... support it with how much its fertile soil, so privileged by nature, abounds ..." . 1808-07-19 Spain, Bailén Battle of Bailén. In 1808-07 the French controlled the interior of the Iberian Peninsula. In Andalusia, near the town of Bailén between Córdoba and Madrid, a meeting took place that surprisingly favored the Spaniards of General Francisco Javier Castaños (1758-1852) over the French of General Pierre-Antoine, Count Dupont de l'Étang (1765 -1840). Bailén was the first Spanish victory on its own territory and the first defeat for the French, whose forces were superior. In the short term, it produced the immediate withdrawal of José Bonaparte (1768-1844; King of Spain and the Indies, 1808-1813) from Madrid and the withdrawal of the invading forces to the Ebro. In the long run, the echoes of that victory served to awaken resistance in Germany, Prussia and Austria. Two characters who would become famous during the struggles for American liberation participated in the action: José de San Martín (1778-1850), young Captain Deputy Field of General Antoine Malet (? -1825), Marquis de Coupigny, Commander of the Second division; and Pablo Morillo (1775-1837), Second Lieutenant of the Volunteers of Llerena. 1808-09-03 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Emissary of the Junta de Sevilla in Santafé. The frigate captain Juan José Pando y Sanllorente (1781-1852), arrogant emissary of the Supreme Board of Seville, bearer of sheets requesting the help of the colonies for the defense of Spanish institutions, arrived in the capital of New Granada. Viceroy Antonio Amar y Borbón (1742-1826) summoned civil, military and ecclesiastical courts, heads of corporations and notable neighbors to deliberate on the course of action to follow. It was agreed to swear Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) as legitimate sovereign, to ignore Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) and his brother José, and to abide by the Junta Supreme of Seville. The criollos, however, did not show much enthusiasm. 1808-09-22 Uruguay, Montevideo Governing Board in Montevideo. General Francisco Javier de Elío (1767-1822), Governor of Montevideo replacing Pascual Ruiz Huidobro (1752-1813) imprisoned by the English who invaded the city in 1807-02-03, took advantage of the political errors of Viceroy Santiago de Liniers (1753-1810) - appointed by the Royal Audience of Buenos Aires on an interim basis since 1807-06-30, but who was suspected of wanting to support the intruder King José Bonaparte - to revolt Montevideo, which in 1808-09 -07 called an Open Town Council and in 1808-09-22 formed a Provisional Government Board, in expression of the right of each city to govern itself. Liniers refrained from trying to crush this rebellion. 1809-01-01 Argentina, Buenos Aires Asonada to request the resignation of Viceroy Liniers. An Open Cabildo promoted by the Spanish merchant living in Buenos Aires Martín de Álzaga (1755-1812) demanded the resignation of Viceroy Santiago de Liniers (1753-1810; Viceroy, 1807-1809) - appointed by the Royal Audience of Buenos Aires with interim character from 1807-06-30, but on whom suspicions fell of wanting to support the intruding King José Bonaparte - and tried to establish a provisional Governing Board on behalf of Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833), chaired by Alzaga. Part of the Spanish militias supported the rebellion, but the Creole militias led by Cornelio Saavedra (1759-1829), head of the Patrician Corps, surrounded the square and dispersed the rebels. The leaders were exiled and the rebellious military corps dissolved; the military power remained in the hands of the Creoles who had supported Liniers, and the rivalry between Creoles and peninsular Spaniards intensified. Those responsible for the failed attempt were rescued by Francisco Javier de Elío (1767-1822), Governor of Montevideo replacing Pascual Ruiz Huidobro (1752-1813) imprisoned by the English who invaded the city on 1807-02-03, and taken to Montevideo. 1809-01-15 Spain, Seville By Royal Order of 1809-01-15, the Supreme Central Board of Seville communicates to the Viceroys in America the regulations or the status of the Provincial Boards of Spain after the erection of the Supreme Central. In the interpretation of Camilo Torres, in the "Memorial of grievances" of 1809-11-20, this provision authorizes the establishment of similar Provincial Boards in the American colonies subject to the same regulations. 1809-01-22 Spain, Seville The Supreme Junta Central de Sevilla (which in Spain led the resistance against Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) from 1808-05-26) declares that the American possessions form an essential part of Spanish sovereignty, and invites them to send their representatives to the Cortes. The delay in communications determined that just in 1809-06-12 the lottery was held in Santafé to define the representative for the Province who, in turn, would compete in voting with the representatives of the other Provinces to elect the Deputy of the Kingdom. 1809-05-25 Bolivia, Chuquisaca Governing Board in Chuquisaca: South America's first libertarian cry. In the old High Peruvian city of Chuquisaca (current Sucre), provincial capital and seat of the Royal Audience of Charcas, then belonging to the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata since its creation in 1776-08-01 (and previously belonging to the Viceroyalty of Peru) , the first libertarian cry of South America is heard. The Royal Audience of Charcas, with the support of the cloister of the prestigious Royal and Pontifical University of San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca and incited to this effect by Bernardo Monteagudo (1786-1825), Jaime de Zudáñez (1772-1832) and other notable Alto Peruvians, dismisses to the President and Governor Ramón García de León y Pizarro (1745-1815) and agrees on the formation of a Governing Board, faithful in principle to Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833). The movement opposes the alleged government idea of handing over the country to the older sister of the captive Spanish monarch, Infanta Carlota Joaquina de Borbón (1775-1830; Queen Consort of Portugal, 1792-1826). It served as an antecedent to the rebellion in La Paz, where in 1809-07-16 the "Tuitive Board of the Rights of the King and the People . " With this latest and most radical uprising violently suppressed, the Chuquisaca movement was also undone. 1809-07-15 Uruguay, Montevideo Llega a Montevideo Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros (1756-1829; Virrey del Río de la Plata, 1809-1810), nuevo Virrey del Río de la Plata. Designado por la Junta Suprema de Sevilla en reemplazo de Santiago de Liniers (1753-1810; Virrey, 1807-1809), con la misión principal de restaurar la autoridad virreinal, erosionada por las desaveniencias entre Liniers, sospechoso de deslealtad a España por su origen francés, y el Gobernador de Montevideo Francisco Javier de Elío (1767-1822), quien había creado una Junta Gubernativa local (Montevideo, 1808-09-22). Al llegar Cisneros a Montevideo, a mediados de 1809-07, Elío acató la autoridad del nuevo Virrey y disolvió la Junta, siendo nombrado Inspector de Armas del Virreinato. El Virrey Cisneros se mantuvo en el cargo hasta 1810-05-25, cuando fue obligado a renunciar en favor de la Junta Gubernativa que se formó en Buenos Aires. 1809-07-16 Bolivia, La Paz Governing Board in La Paz. As a sequel to the events of 1809-05-25 in Chuquisaca (current Sucre), provincial capital and headquarters of the Royal Audience of Charcas, then belonging to the Viceroyalty of Río de la Plata since its creation in 1776-08-01, where you have just heard the first libertarian cry of South America, in La Paz the «Junta Tuitiva de los Derechos del Rey y del Pueblo» was constituted. Taking advantage of the fact that all the attention was on the procession of the military patron Virgen del Carmen and for that reason the troops had been discharged, the revolutionaries led by Pedro Domingo Murillo (1757-1810) supported by the Militia Battalion under the command of their second chief , Juan Pedro de Indaburu, seized the Veterans Barracks, arrested the officers and summoned the people to the plaza by means of bells and called for an Open Town Hall, requesting that the interim Governor Intendant Tadeo Dávila (c1750-1814) be removed from their positions. ) and the Bishop of La Paz Remigio de la Santa y Ortega (1745-1818). He tried to quell the revolt and went to the barracks, where he was arrested. The Open Cabildo incorporated as representatives of the people Gregorio García Lanza, Juan Bautista Sagárnaga and Juan Basilio Catácora. After the resignation of the Governor and the Bishop, the deposition of the ordinary mayors and the partisan subdelegates, the Cabildo ordered that Pedro Domingo Murillo assume as Military Commander of the Province with the rank of colonel, and Juan Pedro de Indaburu as his second, with rank of lieutenant colonel. All the debts in favor of the treasury were abolished and the documents that endorsed them were burned. Violently repressed the uprising in La Paz by the colonial authorities, led and mobilized for this purpose between 1809-10 and 1810-03 by the Viceroys of Peru and the Río de la Plata, the Chuquisaca movement was also undone. the Cabildo ordered that Pedro Domingo Murillo assume as Military Commander of the Province with the rank of colonel, and Juan Pedro de Indaburu as his second, with the rank of lieutenant colonel. All the debts in favor of the treasury were abolished and the documents that endorsed them were burned. Violently repressed the uprising in La Paz by the colonial authorities, led and mobilized for this purpose between 1809-10 and 1810-03 by the Viceroys of Peru and the Río de la Plata, the Chuquisaca movement was also undone. the Cabildo ordered that Pedro Domingo Murillo assume as Military Commander of the Province with the rank of colonel, and Juan Pedro de Indaburu as his second, with the rank of lieutenant colonel. All the debts in favor of the treasury were abolished and the documents that endorsed them were burned. Violently repressed the uprising in La Paz by the colonial authorities, led and mobilized for this purpose between 1809-10 and 1810-03 by the Viceroys of Peru and the Río de la Plata, the Chuquisaca movement was also undone. 1809-08-10 Ecuador, Quito Governing Board in Quito. A group of rebel Creoles led by Juan Pío Montúfar (1758-1819), Marqués de Selva Alegre, deposed the President of the Royal Audience Manuel de Urriez y Cavero (c1725-1812), Count Ruiz de Castilla, in favor of a Junta de provisional government with the same Montúfar for President and the Bishop of Quito José de Cuero y Caicedo (1735-1815) for Vice President. The Provinces of Cuenca and Guayaquil opposed. The Viceroys of Peru José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa (1743-1821) and of New Granada Antonio Amar y Borbón (1742-1826), to whose jurisdiction Quito belonged, threatened them. In October, the junta was dissolved and Count Ruiz de Castilla was able to resume power. 1809-09-06 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Virrey Amar analyzes options before the events in Quito with the notable people of Santa Fe. The first of two meetings of Viceroy Antonio Amar y Borbón with the notables of the capital takes place in Santafé, and in the midst of confusing rumors about the recent events in Quito, to analyze options for action regarding the situation in Spain. Another similar meeting was held on September 11. But no agreement was reached, and no more meetings were held. In 1809-10-15, the Viceroy alerted the Royal Audience to a recently revealed conspiracy. 1809-11-20 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé «Memorial of Torts» of Creoles of Santafé. As a result of the call of 1809-01-22 for the colonies to send their representatives to the meeting of the Cortes in Spain, the Cabildo de Santafé entrusted its advisor Camilo Torres, a Pagan lawyer, with the preparation of a response that he submitted to consideration in 1809-11-20 under the title of "Representation of the Cabildo de Santafé, Capital of the New Kingdom of Granada, to the Central Board of Spain" (which came to be known locally as "Memorial of Torts"). This is an eloquent political allegation that the lobbyists were finally unable to send because the Viceroy Antonio Amar y Borbón considered it subversive, but which was widely circulated among the notable people of Santa Fe and influenced subsequent events. They complain there about the minimum representation agreed for the colonies (only nine representatives compared to thirty-six Spaniards), however, about the promises of equality, brotherhood and joint responsibility in the common destiny; and that at the end of a very elaborate electoral process, tending to avoid that representatives with anti-monarchical ideas were elected. 1809-11-23 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño to prison in Cartagena. In the midst of a political situation agitated by recent events, aggravated by the insurrection in Quito (1809-08-10), Antonio Nariño is called to Santafé for an alleged interview with the viceroy. Upon arrival, he was arrested and, without a trial, sent to Cartagena prisoner. His son Antonio (n 1791-07-06, third among six siblings) decides to accompany him to alleviate the sufferings of the trip. 1810-01-30 Spain, Cádiz, Isla de León Central Board of Spain gives way to Supreme Council of Regency. On the Real Isla de León, in Cádiz, where he had recently taken refuge under the pressure of French victories, the Supreme Central Board of Spain was dissolved after two years of operation by means of a final decree (1810-01-29) give way to a Supreme Council of Regency made up of five members, one of them representing the American colonies, as follows: Bishop of Orense, Pedro de Quevedo y Quintano (1736-1818); Councilor of State and Secretary of State and of the Universal Office, Francisco de Saavedra y Sangronis (1746-1819); Captain General of the Royal Armies, Francisco Javier Castaños (1758-1852); Councilor of State and of the Universal Office of the Navy, Antonio de Escaño y García de Cáceres (1750-1814); and, Minister of the Council of Spain and the Indies, Esteban Fernández de León e Ibarra (1748-c1819). One of the Council's tasks was to prepare the opening of the Cortes with the presence of representatives from all the territories of the Spanish empire. However, the recognition by the New World authorities of the new governing body was lacking. The request in this sense gave rise to the reappearance of the desire of the Creoles to take their own affairs in their hands in the face of uncertainty about the defenders of the existing system. 1810-02-04 Spain, Cádiz, Isla de León Supreme Council of Regency summons Cortes. In the effort to preserve the links between the colonies and the metropolis unaltered, the Supreme Council of Regency granted them representation, considering them an integral part of the nation:"... From this moment, American Spaniards, you see yourselves elevated to the dignity of free men: you are no longer the same as before bent under a yoke, much harder the more distant you were from the center of power; looked at with indifference, vexed by the greed, and destroyed by ignorance.Keep in mind that when pronouncing or writing the name of the one who will come to represent you in the National Congress, your destinies no longer depend neither on the Ministers, nor on the Viceroys, nor on the Governors: They are in your hands! ... " The Supreme Council of Regency could not imagine the effect that the text of its convocation would have on the former colonies, as soon as it gave rise to the 'juntera hatching' which was not long in coming. 1810-04-19 Venezuela, Caracas Governing Board in Caracas. On 1810-04-19, Maundy Thursday, in Caracas a group of prominent Creoles deposed the Governor and Captain General Vicente Emparán (1747-1820) and established a Government Junta that, theoretically, would represent Fernando VII (1784-1833; King de España, 1813-1833) while he explicitly denied the Supreme Council of Regency any legal authority over the Spanish colonies in America. Most of the provincial capitals of the Captaincy General of Venezuela created their own Juntas, semi-autonomous but recognizing the primacy of the Caracas Board. Coro and Maracaibo, in the western zone, and Guayana in the eastern zone, refrained from supporting Caracas and remained loyal to Cádiz. Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) was on the day he was absent from Caracas, at his Hacienda de Yare in the Valles del Tuy. Upon learning of the event, he appeared in the capital and managed to be awarded the rank of lieutenant colonel of the infantry. Offering to pay for the embassy, he also obtained representation to travel to London accompanied by Luis López Méndez (1758-1841) and Andrés Bello (1781-1865) to manage English support for Venezuelan independence. The mission thus formed traveled on 1810-06-06. 1810-05-08 Mexico, Mexico City In Mexico City, Archbishop-Viceroy Francisco Xavier de Lizana y Beaumont (1749-1813; Archbishop of Mexico, 1802-1813; Viceroy of NUeva Spain, 1809-1810) is dismissed. 1810-05-25 Argentina, Buenos Aires Governing Board in Buenos Aires. In Buenos Aires, the Cabildo Abierto reluctantly convened on 1810-05-22 at the urging of the population by Viceroy Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros (1756-1829; Viceroy of Río de la Plata, 1809-1810) authorized himself to create a Board, which was established two days later under the presidency of the Viceroy. In 1810-05-25, the popular opposition replaced Viceroy Cisneros by the Creole commander Cornelio Saavedra (1759-1829) at the head of the Junta, swore allegiance to Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) although not to the Supreme Council of Regency, and it tried to impose its authority on all the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata. The appeal was attended by a large part of the Provinces that would later form the Argentine Republic. Montevideo, due to commercial and political rivalry with the capital, chose to recognize the Supreme Council of Regency. Paraguay and Upper Peru also abstained from supporting Buenos Aires. Chile, with some delay, was encouraged to follow the capital. Peru declared itself loyal to any Spanish authority with any legitimacy. 1810-05-22 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Government Board in Cartagena de Indias. The presence in Cartagena of the Regio Commissioner Antonio Villavicencio (1775-1816) stimulates the meeting of the first revolutionary Cabildo Abierto in the New Kingdom of Granada. Governor Francisco de Montes (1753-1817) is forced to share command. 1810-06-02 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Nariño, liberated in Cartagena de Indias. Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), imprisoned from the first day of the year 1810 in Cartagena de Indias, initially in the castle of San José de Bocachica and later in the Inquisition Prison, obtains from the Provincial Government Board of Cartagena formed in 1810-05-22, and to which he has been directed since 1810-05-27, his release on bail. To this effect, the intervention of the Regio Commissioner Antonio Villavicencio (1775-1816) before the authorities, as well as that of his generous local benefactor Enrique Somoyar (? -1814) in obtaining the guarantors, were decisive. 1810-07-03 New Kingdom of Granada, Cali Governing Board in Cali. In 1810-07-03 a Provincial Government Board was established in Cali. 1810-07-04 New Kingdom of Granada, Pamplona Governing Board in Pamplona. In 1810-07-04 a Provincial Government Board was established in Pamplona. Maria Agueda de Villamizar snatched the baton from Corregidor Juan Bastús y Falla. 1810-07-07 Ecuador, Quito Popular commotion in Quito. Rumors about the imminent sacking of the city by some Peruvian soldiers, popularly known as "zambos de Lima" , generated a popular commotion quickly controlled in the early hours of the morning thanks to the timely intervention of some nobles and ecclesiastics. The authorities, who apparently had locked themselves in offices and barracks during the riots, then took to the streets to exaggerate retaliatory actions against the civilian population. The events soon led to the most serious of 1810-08-02 in the same capital. 1810-07-09 New Kingdom of Granada, El Socorro Governing Board in El Socorro. In Villa del Socorro, the people deposed the mayor José Valdés Posada and declared themselves free and ready to face the forces sent by Viceroy Antonio Amar y Borbón. The news reached the capital on 1810-07-19 and there they found a favorable climate for the rebellion because similar events had already been heard in Quito and Caracas. 1810-07-20 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Government Board in Santafé. Following the steps already taken by Cartagena (1810-05-22), Cali (1810-07-03), Pamplona (1810-07-04) and El Socorro (1810-07-09), and in development of the hatched plans In advance, by a group of intellectuals headed by the distinguished Payan jurist and orator Camilo Torres y Tenorio (1766-1816), an incident of popular rebellion was created in Santafé that gave the opportunity to create a Junta that assumed the government of the New Kingdom, with commitment to maintain fidelity to the dethroned King Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) and to the Supreme Council of Regency "... interim exists in the Peninsula ..." The so-called "Supreme Board of Santafé" was made up of twenty-five members. Initially presided over by Antonio Amar y Borbón (1742-1826; Viceroy of Nueva Granada from 1803-09-17), who on 1810-07-25 was deposed due to the rumor that he kept supplies in his residence to put an end to the uprising; José Miguel Pey (1763-1838), ordinary mayor with first vote who was from Santafé and now Vice President of the Board, was appointed to preside over it. The Junta became the highest civil authority in the country. To ensure the loyalty of the troops, Captain Antonio Baraya (1770-1816) was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant Colonel of the Volunteers Battalion of the National Guard with the task of incorporating into it a group of young people loyal to the American cause as officers of the new army. 1810-07-25 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Viceroy Amar prison. In the viceregal palace, the ex-Viceroy Antonio Amar y Borbón (1742-1826; Viceroy of Nueva Granada from 1803-09-17) was apprehended together with his wife Francisca Villanova. From the dawn of 1810-07-21 when the Governing Board was formed, Amar y Borbón presided over the new government arranged by popular sovereignty. From the early hours of 1810-07-25, the version had circulated among the people that the Viceroy was hiding weapons in his residence and that his guard was preparing to react. Pedro de Lastra obtained from Antonio Baraya some cannons and weapons to besiege the viceregal residence. A committee of the Cabildo made up of six members joined it to notify Amar y Borbón of his dismissal as President of the Supreme Board as well as his imprisonment ordered by it. After a while, The husband and wife were each escorted by three members: the ex-Viceroy bound for the Court of Accounts, and the ex-Viceroy to the Convent of Santa Gertrudis. The ex-Viceroys remained captive until 1810-08-15, when they were escorted out of the city to Cartagena on the way to Spain. 1810-07-26 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Release of the oath of fidelity to the Supreme Council of Regency. Less than a week after the popular pronouncement of 1810-07-20, the members of the Supreme Board of Santafé now chaired by Jose Miguel Pey, Ordinary Mayor who was from Santafé until recent events, determine to free themselves from the oath of subjection to the Supreme Council of Regency to declare that the authority of the former Viceroy Amar deposed and imprisoned has ceased in an absolute way. In such circumstances, the true declaration of independence was that of 1810-07-26 when stating"... the Board, or any of its members, are no longer bound by that oath to continue this Supreme Board, and the people it represents, subordinate to the aforementioned Regency Council or to any other body or person who, in default of that of its legitimate sovereign Mr. Fernando VII is not proclaimed by the free, unanimous and general vote of the Nation ... " The operative part of the minutes corresponding to the meeting on this date establishes that neither the Regio Commissioner Antonio Villavicencio nor the announced Viceroy Francisco Xavier Venegas "... who may be approaching our ports or is in one of them ..." can be received because their commissions emanate from "... an authority that is now unknown and abhors ..." 1810-08-02 Ecuador, Quito Execution of patriots in prison. In bloody reaction to an alleged attempt to raise prisoners as a result of the events of the previous year (1809-08-10), an order was given to execute those who remain in jail. There are talk of three hundred victims, including Captain Juan Salinas, Manuel Rodríguez de Quiroga, Juan de Dios Morales, priests Javier Ascásubi and NN Riofrío, Juan Larrea, Antonio Peña, Nicolás Aguilera 1810-08-31 Spain, Cádiz From Cádiz, the Supreme Council of Regency appoints the Governor of Montevideo Francisco Javier de Elío (1767-1822; Viceroy, 1810-1811) as Viceroy of the Río de la Plata. He succeeds Baltasar Hidalgo de Cisneros (1756-1829; Viceroy, 1809-1810), appointed by the Junta of Seville to replace Santiago de Liniers (1753-1810; Viceroy, 1807-1809). Elío held the position until 1811-11-18, when he returned to Spain. He was the last Viceroy of the Río de la Plata, although with jurisdiction limited to a small part, in the Eastern Band. 1810-09-16 Mexico, Guanajuato, Dolores «Grito de Dolores». Just two days after the arrival of the new Viceroy Francisco Xavier Venegas (initially appointed to the viceroyalty of New Granada to replace Antonio Amar y Borbón, a position he was unable to occupy due to the events of 1810-07-20), the popular revolution broke out in New Spain. In Dolores (Guanajuato), Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, Creole and parish priest of the small town and to whom a group of landowners and merchants had entrusted their plans to overthrow the absolutist Spaniards and their Audience from power, launched his "Grito de Doloresinciting the Indians and mestizos present in the local market to rise up in defense of religion and to throw off the Spanish yoke, putting an end to tributes and other degrading signs of subordination. The revolution began in the name of Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) and the Virgin of Guadalupe was proclaimed as guardian and protector. The revolt spread through Guanajuato and went to the capital. 1810-09-18 Chile, Santiago de Chile Governing Board in Santiago de Chile. An Open Cabildo in Santiago de Chile ordered the creation of a Governing Board. 1810-09-22 Ecuador, Quito New Government Board in Quito. In Quito, a new Junta Jubernativa is formed with President Ruiz de Castilla at its head and with several of the survivors of the meeting of 1809-08-10, such as the Marquis of Selva Alegre and the Bishop of Quito, among its members. 1810-09-24 Spain, Cádiz, Isla de León Installation of the Courts in Isla de León. The French invasion of Andalusia forced the Central Supreme Board, heir to the original Junta de Aranjuez, which had been in session from 1808-12-17 in Seville, to move to the immediate island of León in Cádiz. Upon reaching its new headquarters, the Supreme Central Board resigned its temporary command in the Supreme Council of Regency composed of five members, one of them representing the American colonies, as follows: Bishop of Orense, Pedro de Quevedo y Quintano (1736- 1818); Councilor of State and Secretary of State and of the Universal Office, Francisco de Saavedra y Sangronis (1746-1819); Captain General of the Royal Armies, Francisco Javier Castaños (1758-1852); Councilor of State and of the Universal Office of the Navy, Antonio de Escaño y García de Cáceres (1750-1814); and, Minister of the Council of Spain and the Indies, Esteban Fernández de León e Ibarra (1748-c1819) - later replaced by Miguel de Lardizábal y Uribe (1744-1823). By decree of the Central Supreme Board (1810-01-01) the Cortes were convened for 1810-03-01. They could not meet on that date and finally they did in San Fernando on 1810-09-24, later moving to Cádiz to continue their tasks that lasted until 1813-09-20. On the morning of the same day of its installation, the Cortes approved some basic agreements proposed by Diego Muñoz-Torrero and Ramírez-Moyano (1761-1829; deputy for Extremadura, ecclesiastic and former rector of the University of Salamanca), as follows: 1 ) The deputies representing the Spanish nation constitute Extraordinary General Courts in which national sovereignty resides; 2) Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) is the only and legitimate King, since the transfer of his Crown to Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) is null and void; 3) Of the three powers: legislative, executive and judicial, it corresponds to the Cortes the exercise of the first; 4) The Supreme Council of Regency will exercise executive power, on an interim basis and in the absence of the King, and its members will be responsible and will have to swear: to recognize the national sovereignty represented in the Courts; obey its decrees, laws and the Constitution it establishes; preserve the independence, freedom and integrity of the nation; the Catholic, Apostolic, Roman religion; the monarchical government and the restoration of Fernando VII in the throne; and, look for the good of the State; 5) The courts and justices of the kingdom, as well as the civil and military authorities, are confirmed for the moment; and, 6) The deputies are declared inviolable and immune to any procedure outside the regulations of the Cortes. On the night of the same day, the members of the Supreme Council of Regency were sworn in according to the approved formula. All lent it except the Bishop of Orense who excused himself, choosing to renounce his qualities as Regent and deputy and request permission to retire to his diocese; But threatened that his case would be followed, he finally agreed to take the oath and was then able to retire to his diocese. On the night of the same day, the members of the Supreme Council of Regency were sworn in according to the approved formula. All lent it except the Bishop of Orense who excused himself, choosing to renounce his qualities as Regent and deputy and request permission to retire to his diocese; But threatened that his case would be followed, he finally agreed to take the oath and was then able to retire to his diocese. On the night of the same day, the members of the Supreme Council of Regency were sworn in according to the approved formula. All lent it except the Bishop of Orense who excused himself, choosing to renounce his qualities as Regent and deputy and request permission to retire to his diocese; But threatened that his case would be followed, he finally agreed to take the oath and was then able to retire to his diocese. 1810-11-01 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Creation of the republican army in Santafé. By decision of the Supreme Board of Santafé, the Volunteer Battalion of the National Guard is officially declared as the main armed force of the nascent republic. With barracks in the convent of Las Aguas, it consisted of a staff and four hundred enlisted men distributed in a Company of Grenadiers and four of Fusiliers. The staff was integrated by Colonel Antonio Baraya and Ricaurte, commander; Lieutenant Colonel Francisco de Paula Morales, acting commander in the absence of the incumbent; Joaquin Ricaurte y Torrijos, sergeant major; Lieutenant Pedro María Moledo, Senior Assistant; Lieutenant Manuel Ricaurte y Lozano, second assistant; Francisco de Paula Santander y Omaña, standard bearer; José Joaquín García, chaplain-surgeon; Ignacio Muñoz, gunsmith. The Company of Grenadiers included officers José de Ayala, captain; Manuel Paris, lieutenant; Fermin Rodríguez and Cristóbal Andrade, second lieutenants. The First Company of Rifles included officers Francisco de Paula Morales, captain; Carlos Salgar, lieutenant; Joaquín Ortega y Santamaría and Lino Ramírez, second lieutenants. The Second Company of Riflemen included officers José María Olano, captain; Antonio Ricaurte y Lozano, lieutenant; Pedro Rocha and Miguel Malo, second lieutenants. The Third Company of Rifles included officers Domingo Montenegro, captain; José Nicolás Moreno, lieutenant; Mariano Paris and Pedro Acevedo, second lieutenants. The Fourth Company of Rifles included the officers José Ortega, captain; Agustín Velasco, lieutenant; Mariano Alvarez Lozano and Juan Pardo, second lieutenants. In addition to the above, 1810-12-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño back in Santafé. After a year of absence, Antonio Nariño returns from Cartagena to Santafé, from where he had been sent prisoner on 1809-11-23. He arrives in time to attend the organization of the Congress of the Provinces of New Granada that was installed in 1810-12-22 and for which, together with Crisanto Valenzuela, he was appointed Secretary. 1810-12-13 Venezuela, Caracas Miranda in Venezuela. Encouraged by the fiery young Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) to once again lead a revolutionary endeavor, Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816) returned to Venezuela and disembarked in La Guaira from England, via Curaçao, on the ship of English war «Avon» . The Governing Board grants Miranda the rank of Generalissimo. In a surprising statement (supposedly considering him, in his own words, "a dangerous young man" ) From the first moment, the new Generalissimo requested that Simón Bolívar be separated from the army. The protest of the influential affected before the high government made possible his incorporation to the Valencia campaign. After the triumph (1811-08-13), Miranda assigned him to Puerto Cabello. 1810-12-22 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Installation of the First Congress of the Provinces of Nueva Granada. In keeping with the provisions of 1810-07-20, the Supreme Board of Santafé requested the appointment of deputies from the Provinces, who together would be depositaries of their authority, and convened the Constituent Congress whose provisions would henceforth govern life public. The President of the Board of Santafé José Miguel Pey (1763-1838) installed the body, vowing for the effectiveness of the efforts of the legislators and synthesized the plan adopted in recognition of Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813 -1833), respect for the authority of the Provincial Boards, and the express ignorance of the Supreme Council of Regency. The deputies attended Manuel de Bernardo Alvarez (1743-1816), for Santafé; priest José Manuel Campos Cote (1774-1824), by Neiva; Ignacio Herrera (1769-1840), for Nóvita (Chocó); priest Andrés María Rosillo (1758-1835), for El Socorro; León Armero (1775-1816), by Mariquita; and, Camilo Torres (1776-1816), from Pamplona. The other Provinces (Cartagena, Antioquia, Popayán, among them) abstained for the moment from attending a public demonstration of their aversion to the directions of the Junta de Santafé, which they accused of trying to imitate the Central Supreme Junta of Seville in his attempt to establish a government as favorable to the capital as opposed to the interests of the Provinces. The assisting deputies elected Manuel de Bernardo Alvarez as President; and by Secretaries to Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) and Crisanto Valenzuela (1776-1816). In the midst of an environment characterized by bitter disputes between the provincial representatives, the work of Congress proved infertile; and its closure, silent, took place on 1811-02-12. 1811-02-12 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Closing of the First Constituent Congress of New Granada. The sessions of the First Constituent Congress of Nueva Granada, installed in 1810-12-22 after many controversies and delays and without the presence of several Provinces (Cartagena, Santa Marta, Antioquia, Popayán, among them), took place in the middle of a environment characterized by bitter disputes between provincial representatives. The work of Congress proved infertile; and its conclusion, silent, occurred on 1811-02-12. 1811-03-06 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Constituent College of Cundinamarca begins sessions. Dissolved in 1811-02-12, without results, the First Constituent Congress of New Granada for various reasons, among them the inclination to admit deputies who did not represent the provincial capitals - as was done first with Sogamoso, which was not the capital of the Province of Tunja, and then with Mompox, who was not the capital of Cartagena, causing energetic protest and abandonment of Congress by deputies Camilo Torres and León Armero - the Supreme Board of Santafé decided to organize the Province under a self-government and for this purpose convened the Constituent College of Cundinamarca, which met between 1811-03-06 and 1811-04-02. A commission - made up of Luis Eduardo de Azuola, José María del Castillo y Rada, 1811-03-28 New Kingdom of Granada, Popayán Action in Bajo Palacé. In the vicinity of Popayán, the patriot commander Antonio Baraya triumphs over the royalists from the south of New Granada commanded by Miguel Tacón. When the news reached Santafé, the victory was joyously celebrated. 1811-03-30 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Approval of the new federal Constitution for Nueva Granada, opposed by Nariño. The members of the Cundinamarca Representation meeting in the Constituent and Electoral College since 1811-02-19 approve the text of the Constitutional Charter of the State of Cundinamarca proposed by Camilo Torres (1766-1816). It establishes that Santafé will take its primitive and original name of "Cundinamarca"; It ratifies obedience to the captive monarch Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) and agrees on the establishment of a National Congress made up of the representatives sent by the Provinces that made up the Viceroyalty of New Granada. The King is declared the born President of said National Congress and, failing that, the President appointed by the people; and the authority of the National Congress is admitted as an entity capable of meeting the needs of New Granada. The issuance of this federal Constitution led Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), a supporter of centralism, to the opposition; and it marked the beginning of the isolation of the Province of Cundinamarca, seat of the capital city of Nueva Granada, with respect to the remaining Provinces of the Kingdom. 1811-04-04 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Santafé The Constituent College of Cundinamarca, in sessions since 1811-03-06, promulgates the new Constitution on the principles of recognition and fidelity to the Spanish monarch Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain , 1813-1833), provided that he comes to govern in Cundinamarca under the constitutional monarchy system, in which the power of the King will be moderated by a permanent representation. In the absence of the King, a Pesidente ( 'Vicegerente del Rey' ) will take his place. 1811-04-05 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Jorge Tadeo Lozano, President of Cundinamarca. The Electoral College of Cundinamarca appointed Jorge Tadeo Lozano de Peralta y González-Manrique (1771-1816), younger brother of José María (1756-1832), II Marqués de San Jorge, for the Presidency of the new State of Cundinamarca. 1811-06-16 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Funeral of Magdalena Ortega de Nariño (born, 1762-07-22; married, 1785-03-27). She was buried in the Church of Agustinos Descalzos (La Candelaria). To the heartfelt memory of his wife Nariño dedicated a beautiful page inspired by pain and the deepest love, which is published under the title of "Dream" at the end of number 3 of "La Bagatela" that circulated on 1811-07-28 . He refers to her there as "Emma." 1811-07-05 Venezuela, Caracas Declaration of independence of Venezuela. After voting within the Constituent Congress in favor of Venezuela's declaration of independence, Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816) took in his hands the flag that he had brought with him in 1806 during his failed liberation campaign and led a demonstration that he walks the streets of Caracas in the afternoon. In the afternoon session of the same day, Congress appoints a commission made up of deputies Francisco de Miranda, José de Sata y Bussy (1780-1815) and Lino de Clemente (1767-1834), to choose the national flag. They adopt the tricolor banner brought by Miranda in 1806. 07/14/1811 New Kingdom of Granada, Santa Fe appears "La Bagatelle" . On Sunday July 14, 1811, coincidentally or intentionally with the anniversary of the Taking of the Bastille (1789, Paris) Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) began the publication of a newspaper that he called "La Bagatela" . It was a weekly of political criticism that sought to formalize and make Nariño's opposition work more effective to the federalist ideas of the incipient government, and to promote the declaration of absolute independence and the establishment of a democratic republic. The new newspaper came out of the Royal Printing Office, now run by Bruno Espinosa de los Monteros (1777-1844) who twenty-five years ago had produced the "Earthquake Warning"(1785-07-16) and the "Gazeta de Santafé" , deans of journalism in Nueva Granada and in which Nariño himself made his debut as a journalist. 1811-07-30 Caribbean Sea, Bermuda Islands Juan Vicente Bolívar y Palacios dies. Towards the end of 1811-07 Juan Vicente Bolívar y Palacios (n 1781-05-30) perished drowned in the shipwreck of the American brig "San Felipe Neri", near the Bermuda Islands, while returning from Philadelphia to Puerto Cabello. Single, he left three natural children in free union with Josefa María Tinoco: Juan Evangelista (1808-?), Fernando Simón (1809-1898), Felicia (1810-?). Juan Evangelista was of a sickly nature and lived with his mother. Fernando served as Secretary of the Liberator from 1828 until the end of his life. The Liberator married Felicia (1827) to General José Laurencio Silva (1791-1873),"... of the popular class and man of great fame for his services and conduct in the Battles of Junín and Ayacucho," according to historian Vicente Lecuna, who saw in this link the means used by Simón Bolívar to raise Silva socially and thus support his family towards the future. 1811-08-29 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé José María Caballero points out in his 'Diary' : "... On 29 [1811-08-29] he received from City Mayor, State Governor, Mayor, Justice Mayor and Theater Judge, to the incomparable persecuted and never well told his works and adventures, the immortal Don Antonio Nariño today celebrating 17 years of his prisons and works; man to the truth undefeated and that his life will one day be written, and it will be known thoroughly what he has suffered in 17 continuous years; but at last he has already managed to see the freedom of his country, except for the reversals of fortune ... " 1811-09-19 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño, President of Cundinamarca. In number 11 of "La Bagatela" , which circulated with extraordinary character on Thursday 1811-09-19, under the title of "Very fat news" Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) warns about the imminent danger of a Spanish reconquest and the need for all citizens to join the common purpose of "... save the Homeland or die." Encouraged by Antonio Nariño's warnings from «La Bagatela»Regarding the danger of falling back into the hands of the Spaniards while Congress was busy discussing trifles, the people went out to the Plaza Mayor early on, fired against the government chaired by Jorge Tadeo Lozano (1771-1816). In the afternoon, after Lozano resigned, the Electoral College appointed Nariño as interim President to general contentment and granted him extraordinary powers so that he could see to improve the situation. One of the first orders of the new President granted José María Lozano (1756-1832), II Marqués de San Jorge, the rank of brigadier. In 1811-12-24 Nariño was elected President of Cundinamarca in property. 1811-11-11 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Declaration of Independence of the Province of Cartagena. The Supreme Junta of Cartagena declares the independence of the Province with respect to "... from all the governments of the Peninsula and from any other foreign nation ..." Ignacio Cavero y Cárdenas (1757-1834) was appointed President of the Free and Sovereign State of Cartagena. In this capacity, he addressed an official note reporting the fact to the President of the State of Cundinamarca Antonio Nariño, who was received in Santafé on 1811-12-02. Nariño, from "La Bagatela", greeted the initiative with emotion, hoping that Cartagena would join Cundinamarca and that its example would be followed by Santa Marta and Maracaibo"... so that we can see the entire Kingdom in its absolute emancipation ..." 1811-11-13 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Santafé The Confederation of the United Provinces adopts the name of Nueva Granada, with Tunja as the seat of the federal government. The deputies to Congress, without the participation of Cundinamarca, agree to give the Confederation of the United Provinces the name of Nueva Granada and choose the city of Tunja as the seat of the federal government. The State of Cundinamarca was left outside the federation as its representative Manuel de Bernardo Alvarez (1743-1816) refused to sign the respective act. For now, the deputies requested their passports to go to Ibagué, "... designated days for Congress residence for now, where we should be at the end of this month ..." President Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) responded by requesting a brief wait for their transfer to Ibagué while the National Representation met to consider the Act of Federation that it found to contain "... points of the greatest importance and significance that the Executive Power itself he just doesn't think he can solve ... " The representatives of the Provinces remained in Santafé. 1811-11-27 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Santafé Signature of the «Act of Federation of the United Provinces of New Granada» . The deputies José Manuel Restrepo (1781-1863), for Antioquia; Enrique José Rodríguez (1765-c1835), by Cartagena; priest José Manuel Campos Cote (1774-1824), by Neiva; and, Camilo Torres (1776-1816), from Pamplona; and José Joaquín Camacho (1776-1816), for Tunja, agreed and signed in Santafé, on 1811-11-27, the "Act of Federation of the United Provinces of New Granada", drawn up by Camilo Torres, as an instrument of initial 'federative association' of the Provinces that would mutually consider themselves "equal, independent and sovereign", even when they were incorporated into a single nation endowed with a general government governed by a National Constitution. Only the Provinces that in 1810-07-20 "... were reputed and considered by such, and that, in continuation and in use of this right, resumed, from that time, their government and internal administration would be admitted to this Federation . .. " . The deputies of Cundinamarca, Manuel de Bernardo Álvarez (1743-1816), refused to sign the Federation Act; and, Nóvita (Chocó), Ignacio Herrera (1769-1840), considering the adopted federal system inconvenient. 1811-12-21 Venezuela, Caracas Approved the Constitution of Venezuela. The first Magna Carta of Venezuela and Latin America, drafted by Cristóbal Mendoza (1772-1829) and Juan Germán Roscio (1763-1821), was sanctioned on 1811-12-21 by the Constituent Congress of 1811 meeting in the city of Caracas. Federalist court, it was approved by deputies of the Provinces of Caracas, Margarita, Mérida, Trujillo, Barinas, Barcelona, and Cumaná. Repealed in 1812-07-25 by the Capitulation of Francisco de Miranda before Domingo de Monteverde in San Mateo, the Constitution of 1811 barely came into force during the brief period of seven months. 1811-12-24 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño, President in property of Cundinamarca. In 1811-12-23 the President of Cundinamarca Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), appointed on an interim basis on 1811-09-19, installed the Electoral College of Cundinamarca in Santafé, together with the two exclusive objects of "... choosing the people that they must occupy the vacant positions in the National Representation, and review the Constitution… " The next day, the legislative body elected Antonio Nariño as President of the State in property. Nariño granted a general pardon. The popular celebrations lasted for several days. 1812-03-04 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño insists on his resignation, which the Electoral College of Cundinamarca rejects. The President of Cundinamarca, Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), who, faced with the imminence of an undesirable civil war, submitted his resignation to the Electoral College of Cundinamarca on 1812-02-27, which had just designated him as property in 1811-12- 24, insist on it. It is not admitted to, on the other hand, reiterate absolute confidence in manifesting that body that"... trusts and has always relied on the selflessness, zeal, prudence, and activity of Your Excellency and is sure that you will never have to regret having set your sights on Your Excellency for Head of State, and that your generous efforts will sustain American freedom and it will not allow it to succumb to what the tyrants do to reconquer it, the latter being mocked and their ambitious goals defeated by the energetic measures of the Cundinamarca government ... " 1812-03-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Defection of Antonio Baraya. Faced with precise reports that the Province of Pamplona (represented before the Congress of the United Provinces by the jurist Camilo Torres) and in particular the Valleys of Cúcuta were about to fall into the hands of the royalists, the President of Cundinamarca Antonio Nariño (1765 -1823) ordered the sending of troops and weapons to the patriots of those regions with instructions to assist those of Venezuela if necessary. On 1812-03-08, an important contingent left under the command of the prestigious commander Antonio Baraya (1770-1816), leading José de Ayala (1771-1816) for a second. They had orders to meet with Joaquín Ricaurte (1766-1820) in San Gil to march together towards the Valleys of Cúcuta. But surprisingly, Baraya chose to go to Tunja to make himself available to the Congress of the United Provinces. 1812-03-19 Spain, Cádiz The Constitution of 1812 approved. The Spanish Cortes (which governed Spain and the Indies from 1810-09 until the restoration of Fernando VII in 1814-05) approved the Constitution of 1812, the first written in the history of Spain and the main precedent of those to come in the metropolis as well as those to be adopted by the American colonies. By virtue of this Constitution, Spain became a constitutional monarchy in which the role of the King was reduced to holding the executive power. The Cortes and the King (or the Regency that represented him during his captivity) embodied the legislative and executive powers of the system. Viceroys and Governors became political leaders in their respective territories. Provincial councils had to be elected that would share power with those and the hereditary municipal councils would be replaced by councils constituted through elections. Technically, the Viceroy was therefore deprived of jurisdiction over the Captaincy Generals; and the hearings were reduced to courts. It was determined that the imprisoned King of the French Emperor should swear to it before being restored to the throne when he finally achieved his freedom. Meanwhile, the star of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) began to decline, who would soon reach the end of his career when, defeated by a multinational coalition made up of Prussia, Russia, England and Austria, in 1814 -04-06 was forced to abdicate his empire. Technically, the Viceroy was therefore deprived of jurisdiction over the Captaincy Generals; and the hearings were reduced to courts. It was determined that the imprisoned King of the French Emperor should swear to it before being restored to the throne when he finally achieved his freedom. Meanwhile, the star of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) began to decline, who would soon reach the end of his career when, defeated by a multinational coalition made up of Prussia, Russia, England and Austria, in 1814 -04-06 was forced to abdicate his empire. Technically, the Viceroy was therefore deprived of jurisdiction over the Captaincy Generals; and the hearings were reduced to courts. It was determined that the imprisoned King of the French Emperor should swear to it before being restored to the throne when he finally achieved his freedom. Meanwhile, the star of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) began to decline, who would soon reach the end of his career when, defeated by a multinational coalition made up of Prussia, Russia, England and Austria, in 1814 -04-06 was forced to abdicate his empire. It was determined that the imprisoned King of the French Emperor should swear to it before being restored to the throne when he finally achieved his freedom. Meanwhile, the star of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) began to decline, who would soon reach the end of his career when, defeated by a multinational coalition made up of Prussia, Russia, England and Austria, in 1814 -04-06 was forced to abdicate his empire. It was determined that the imprisoned King of the French Emperor should swear to it before being restored to the throne when he finally achieved his freedom. Meanwhile, the star of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) began to decline, who would soon reach the end of his career when, defeated by a multinational coalition made up of Prussia, Russia, England and Austria, in 1814 -04-06 was forced to abdicate his empire. 1812-03-26 Venezuela, Caracas Earthquake in Venezuela. On Holy Thursday 1812 (a religious celebration that coincided in that year with the second anniversary of the revolutionary uprising of 1810-04-19) a strong earthquake caused serious damage in Caracas, La Guaira, San Felipe, Barquisimeto, Mérida and other patriotic cities. without affecting much of the realistic cities of Valencia and Puerto Cabello. Shrewdly, the supporters of Spain were quick to attribute the chance circumstance to divine punishment to the heretical revolutionary ideas of the bad citizens. From Caracas and in the middle of the ruins, Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) exhorts the people to continue fighting for freedom. "If nature opposes, we will fight against her and make her obey us", would have been his words according to an eyewitness (José Domingo Díaz). Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816) was in the capital at the time of the earthquake and the deterioration of his place of residence forced him to take refuge in another immediate rural place. 1812-05-04 Venezuela, Puerto Cabello Bolívar assumes command in Puerto Cabello. By appointment of Generalissimo Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816), Lieutenant Colonel Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) assumes command of the stronghold of Puerto Cabello. The first dispositions of the fledgling military chief earn him the animosity of the local Cabildo. In 1812-06-30 the garrison of Fort San Felipe rose up with the support of the population. Bolívar loses the square, but manages to escape (1812-07-06) with a handful of his officers. 1812-05-18 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Treaty between Cundinamarca and Congress of Tunja. After intense negotiations, a treaty is signed between Cundinamarca and the Tunja Congress "... in order to accelerate the formation of the General Congress of the Kingdom ..." It was agreed that the representatives of Cundinamarca would join the others to install the Congress in a determined place by mutual agreement; in which Cundinamarca would guarantee the independence of the Congress and it would act in common defense and watch over the security of the Kingdom, with the commitment to return what it will get from each Province for the purpose at the end of its use; in which Cundinamarca would recognize the extent of the time, with the commitment of Congress to maintain it in its integrity until the Great Convention that would be convened peremptorily demarcate the limits of the States that are to make up the Confederation, in exchange for Cundinamarca's commitment not to admit more aggregations without express approval of Congress. The treaty was signed by President Antonio Nariño and his advisers Manuel Benito de Castro and José Diago, by Cundinamarca; and the commissioners Frutos Joaquín Gutiérrez and José María del Castillo, for the Tunja Congress. As agreed, the treaty was a triumph for Cundinamarca and a defeat for the Tunja Congress. For this reason, Camilo Torres encouraged the Governor of the Province of Tunja, Juan Nepomuceno Niño, and Brigadier Antonio Baraya, pretending to act on their own initiative, to ignore him. 1812-05-25 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa de Leyva Baraya in rebellion against the government of Cundinamarca. Brigadier Antonio Baraya (1770-1816) summons his officers from the Second Cundinamarca Expedition to the North to declare themselves rebels against the government of Cundinamarca and avail themselves of the protection of the United Province Congress in order to work for the formation of the Congress General of the Kingdom. The rebellion certificate is signed by Brigadier Baraya, his deputy José de Ayala and officers Francisco José de Caldas, Rafael Urdaneta, Antonio José Vélez, Manuel Ricaurte y Lozano, José María Ricaurte, José Arce, Angel González, Lino María Ramírez, Francisco by Paula Santander, Luciano D'Elhuyar and Bastidas, José Agustín Rosas. The rebel officers received promotions as a reward for their change of allegiance; In the case of Second Lieutenant Santander, then Secretary of General Baraya, This meant he received two promotions in the short span of a week: in 1812-05-25, to lieutenant; and on 1812-06-01, to captain. 1812-06-05 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé The President-Dictator of Cundinamarca Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) calls the citizens of Santafé to arms. It mandates that all males between the ages of 15 and 45 register immediately with the authorities. The first two to respond to the President's call are his uncle Manuel Bernardo Alvarez (1743-1816), and Manuel del Socorro Rodríguez (1758-1819). With the army thus formed, Nariño de Santafé left in 1812-06-23 with the intention of subduing the Province of Tunja. 1812-06-30 Venezuela, Puerto Cabello Bolívar loses the square of Puerto Cabello. Having become unpopular from the moment he assumed command in 1812-05-04 earlier, and now betrayed by the young Canarian Lieutenant Francisco Fernández Vinoni (? -1819), insubordinate with popular support against Lieutenant Colonel Ramón Aymerich commander of the Fort from San Felipe, the also Lieutenant Colonel Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) loses the plaza of Puerto Cabello. 1812-07-03 New Kingdom of Granada, Tunja Nariño enters Tunja; Congress flees to Villa de Leyva. After noon on 1812-07-03, a detachment of the Cundinamarca army commanded by the President-Dictator Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) entered Tunja. The bulk of the troops is in the vicinity under the command of the improvised military chiefs José Miguel Pey (1763-1838) and Justo Benito de Castro (1755-1838). Governor and authorities fled to Santa Rosa. Congress passed to Villa de Leyva. 1812-07-12 Venezuela, La Victoria Miranda opens negotiations with Monteverde for an armistice and subsequent capitulation. In the town of La Victoria, halfway between Valencia and Caracas, besieged by the royalists and fearful of falling into their hands at any moment, several patriotic chiefs celebrate Junta de Guerra. The Generalissimo Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816) is accompanied by the members of the Federal Executive Juan Germán Roscio (1763-1821) and Francisco Espejo (1758-1814), the Secretaries of State Francisco Antonio (Coto) Paúl (1773-1821) and José de Sata y Bussy (1779-1815), and Antonio Vicente Fernández de León, Marqués de Casa León (1750-1826). By unanimous agreement, the patriot leaders agree to open negotiations with Domingo de Monteverde (1773-1832) leading to an armistice and subsequent capitulation. Miranda directs communication to Monteverde in this regard. 1812-07-19 New Kingdom of Granada, Charalá Action in Paloblanco. Near the creek of the same name in the vicinity of Charalá, the federalist forces under the command of Antonio Baraya (1770-1816) and Joaquín Ricaurte (1766-1820) clashed with the centralists of José Miguel Pey (1763-1838), with victory for the first. Pey was taken prisoner and that setback forced the President-Dictator Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) to agree to peace (1812-07-30) with Juan Nepomuceno Niño (1769-1816), President of the Province of Tunja. 1812-07-21 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Popular clashes in Santafé. While in Tunja the President-Dictator Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) tried to reach a new agreement with the Congress of the United Provinces, in Santafé the federalists excited the people by distributing a brochure ( "El Carraco" ) in which they asked for a change of government and mocked the disaster of their troops in Paloblanco. José María Carbonell (1785-1816) organized the reaction of the centralists, who kicked some of their opponents and burned some of the copies of their newspaper in the Plaza Mayor. The popular ingenuity supported by the circumstances of the incident baptized the opposing sides as "Carracos" (anti-government) and "Kicks"(government members). In an attempt to control the situation that threatened to reach adults, those in charge of the Executive Power Manuel Benito de Castro (1751-1826) and Luis de Ayala y Vergara (1768-1839) announced by side the application of severe sanctions to whoever carried arms in Santafé and urged President Nariño to return to the capital. By the time he received the anguished call in Villa de Leyva, Nariño had managed to settle the differences with the Tunja government. 1812-07-24 Russia Napoleon begins Campaign on Russia. By 1812, the advisers of Tsar Alexander I (1777-1825; Tsar of Russia, 1801-1825) warned about the possibility of invasion by the French Empire and the recapture of Poland. Acting on Russia's report of war preparations, Napoleon expanded his Grande Arméeto more than 450,000 troops and discarding the opinions adverse to the invasion of Russia in 1812-06-24, he opened the Campaign on Russia. The Russian armies systematically refused to engage in combat, instead gradually and repeatedly retreating into their vast territory, drawing the forces of the French Emperor behind them, while the Russians devastated and burned whatever they encountered. step to leave the persecutor without resources. A brief attempt at resistance took place in Smolensk (1812-08-16-18). On 1812-09-07, the Battle of Borodino on the outskirts of Moscow, although favorable to Napoleon, resulted in the highest death toll in the history of military encounters: some 44,000 Russians and 35,000 French were reported as dead, wounded or prisoners. The Russians withdrew beyond Moscow and Napoleon invaded the city, thinking that this would end the war and obtain the surrender of the Tsar. Instead, Governor Feodor Rostopchin chose to set the city on fire rather than capitulate. After five weeks, the French withdrew as the Russian winter began. The withdrawal in such difficult conditions caused huge losses in terms of men and elements: less than 40,000 troops, in deplorable conditions, returned from the campaign. On 1812-12-05, just arriving in Vilnius, Napoleon separated from his army aboard a sledge. After five weeks, the French withdrew as the Russian winter began. The withdrawal in such difficult conditions caused huge losses in terms of men and elements: less than 40,000 troops, in deplorable conditions, returned from the campaign. On 1812-12-05, just arriving in Vilnius, Napoleon separated from his army aboard a sledge. After five weeks, the French withdrew as the Russian winter began. The withdrawal in such difficult conditions caused huge losses in terms of men and elements: less than 40,000 troops, in deplorable conditions, returned from the campaign. On 1812-12-05, just arriving in Vilnius, Napoleon separated from his army aboard a sledge. 1812-07-25 Venezuela, San Mateo Capitulation of Miranda before Monteverde and end of the «First Republic»from Venezuela. The loss of Puerto Cabello (1812-06-30), reported by Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) to Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816) with a feeling of pain for a failure for which he considered himself solely responsible, seems to have precipitated the Generalissimo to the inexplicable decision to surrender their arms to the Spanish, inferior in number. Thus, Miranda agreed with Domingo de Monteverde (1773-1832) a Capitulation (1812-07-25) in disadvantageous terms for the patriots that, as they expected, was immediately breached by the Spanish. The Capitulation, ratified and concluded on behalf of Miranda by his Chief of Staff Colonel José de Sata y Busy (1779-1815), at the Monteverde Headquarters in San Mateo marked the end of the «First Republic»Venezuelan. Monteverde behaved as the winner, without agreeing to accept the time and place clauses proposed by Miranda and hardly agreed to grant passports to leave the country to those who requested them within three months. Anticipating the breach of the agreement by the Spanish commander, the patriotic chiefs went en masse to the immediate port of La Guaira, to meet there with the news that Miranda had ordered the closure of the port while he himself arrived to board the ship that would lead back to England. His delay in boarding gave rise to a group of patriotic officers, among whom was Simón Bolívar himself, to arrest him (1812-07-30) on the charge of treason to the cause of independence and deliver him to Monteverde."First Republic" in Venezuela. 1812-07-30 New Kingdom of Granada, Santa Rosa de Viterbo New agreement between representatives of Cundinamarca and Tunja. The 'Treaty of Santa Rosa' softens in favor of Tunja the stipulations of the previously signed treaty (Santafé, 1812-05-18) and agrees on a pact of mutual support and non-aggression in order to achieve the prompt meeting of Congress with the assistance of Cundinamarca to which, in the terms of the federation act, the solution of important matters is deferred. Once concord was reestablished, President-Dictator Antonio Nariño returned to Santafé to attend to the peremptory call of those in charge of the executive power in his absence. 1812-07-30 Venezuela, La Guaira Military coup to the Precursor Francisco de Miranda. The news of the capitulation agreed between the supreme chiefs Francisco de Miranda and Domingo de Monteverde (1812-07-25), made some patriot chiefs fear for their lives — among whom were the political governor of La Guaira, Dr. Miguel Peña; the military commander of the plaza, Colonel Manuel María de las Casas; Colonels Simón Bolívar, Juan Paz del Castillo, José Mires, Manuel Cortés Campomanes; Lieutenant Colonels Tomás Montilla, Rafael Chatillón, Miguel Carabaño, Rafael Castillo, José Landaeta (head of the garrison), and Plaza Mayor Juan José Valdés — certain as they were that the terms of the agreement would not be respected by the Spanish. All remained in La Guaira awaiting the opportunity to embark for exile when an order was received from Miranda (dated in La Victoria, 1812-07-26) to proceed with the closure of the port. Determined to continue the fight, they chose to arrest Precursor Miranda upon his arrival to prevent his escape from the country. They had been unable to agree on the further course of action when order came from Monteverde to close the port. The commander of arms of the Plaza Colonel Manuel María de Las Casas hastened to carry out the order without hesitation, over the pleas of his companions. Faced with the imminent arrival of the royalists, the patriotic soldiers chose to withdraw, leaving Miranda in the hands of the authorities. Bolívar went to Caracas, in the company of Francisco Ribas. Once in the capital, sheltered under the protection of his friend the Marquis de Casa León and thanks to the mediation of Francisco Iturbe, he obtained the long-awaited passport from Monteverde (1812-08-26). Without loss of time he went to Curaçao (08-27) and from there he went to Cartagena de Indias (at the end of 1812-10) 1812-07-31 Venezuela, La Guaira Prison of Miranda. End of the independence adventure. The General in Chief Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816) had arrived in La Guaira from Caracas late the previous afternoon (1812-07-30) with the intention of embarking to start the return to England. Disregarding repeated requests from the captain of the frigate «Sapphire»In order for him to board without delay, Miranda chose to spend the night ashore. Around three o'clock in the morning he was awakened by a group of officers and civilians, among whom was the young Colonel Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) who after indicting him as a traitor to the Homeland for the Capitulation (La Victoria, 1812-07-25 ) agreed with Domingo de Monteverde proceeded to arrest him. The unfortunate Precursor barely managed to utter an exclamation that became famous: "… Bochinche, bochinche !: These people only know how to make bochinche!…" Miranda was taken to the castle of San Carlos, where he was found by the royalist outposts who entered in the afternoon under the command of Francisco Javier Cervériz. In the first days of 1812-08, he was transferred to a dungeon in the vaults of La Guaira and, months later, sent to the castle of San Felipe in Puerto Cabello. The Precursor did not regain his freedom and after shooting successively through prisons in Puerto Cabello, Puerto Rico and Cádiz (Arsenal de La Carraca) he died on 1816-07-14. 1812-08-14 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño resigns again; Manuel Benito de Castro, designated interim successor. President Antonio Nariño resigns again his high job so that his permanence in it is not an excuse for the ignorance of the new agreement reached with the government of the United Provinces (1812-07-30). The Electoral College of Cundinamarca this time accepts the resignation of the President and appoints Manuel Benito de Castro as interim successor with the support of Brigadier Luis Caicedo y Flórez, as a counselor; both affection for the outgoing President. Nariño retired to his home in Fucha, even when he was called to return as a result of the events of 1812-09-10. 1812-09-05 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa de Leyva Congress of the United Provinces finally formalized an agreement with Cundinamarca. The transhumant Constituent Congress of the Confederation of the United Provinces of New Granada finally formalized the agreement under an oath of fidelity to God and the Republic and elected Camilo Torres as head of the national executive. Representatives Juan Marimón and Andrés Ordóñez, from Cartagena and Popayán, were present at the last meeting place; Joaquín Camacho and José María del Castillo, for Tunja; Juan José de León, by Casanare; Joaquín de Hoyos and José María Dávila, for Antioquia; Manuel Bernardo Alvarez and Luis Eduardo de Azuola, for Cundinamarca; Frutos Joaquín Gutiérrez and Camilo Torres, from Pamplona. 1812-09-10 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño again President of Cundinamarca by popular acclamation. Rumors circulated that General Antonio Baraya was preparing to fall on the capital in spite of what was agreed in Santa Rosa, in collusion with the government chaired by Manuel Benito de Castro since the admission in 1812-08-14 by the Electoral College of the repeated resignation of Antonio Nariño. The Minister of the Treasury, and sparkling by vocation, José María Carbonell took the opportunity to incite the people to demonstrate in favor of Nariño's return to the presidency. The President in charge officiated the national representation offering his resignation and Antonio Nariño at his home in Fucha to go to the capital. The official messenger was anticipated by the people who went to remove their esteemed captain from there who, for the sake of citizen tranquility, he was compelled to accompany them back to the Plaza Mayor. After talking with the authorities, Nariño managed to reassure the crowd gathered there by announcing that their requests would be considered. After receiving full powers, Nariño decided to intensify the training of troops in order to launch into an unwanted but inevitable civil war. 1812-09-14 Russia, Moscow Napoleon in Moscow. Defeated by the relentless Russian winter, Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) began a retreat that lasted until 1812-11. 1812-10-04 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa de Leyva Congress of the United Provinces of New Granada meets in Villa de Leyva. After agreements and disagreements, the Congress of the United Provinces of New Granada was finally able to meet in Villa de Leyva, with the assistance of the deputies for the Provinces of Cundinamarca, Cartagena, Antioquia, Pamplona, Popayán, Socorro, Tunja, and Casanare. The Provinces that had not done so agreed to adhere to the "Act of Federation" signed at the end of the previous year in Santafé (1811-11-27). 1812-10-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa de Leyva Congress of the United Provinces of New Granada declares Nariño a usurper and intimates the surrender of troops and supplies. Assembled in Villa de Leyva from 1812-10-04, on 1812-10-08 the Congress of the United Provinces of New Granada declared the President of Cundinamarca, Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), usurper and tyrant, and dismissed his deputies Manuel Bernardo Alvarez (1743-1816) and Luis Eduardo de Azuola (1764-1821), whom he held in that town awaiting sentencing. 1812-10-22 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Cabildo Abierto in Santafé resists the mandate of Congress in Villa de Leyva. Faced with insistent rumors about the imminence of an attack by the rebel general Antonio Baraya (1770-1816) to Santafé, at a time when the Congress of the United Provinces just met (from 1812-10-04) in Villa de Leyva had arranged in 1812 -10-08 that Cundinamarca surrendered his troops and supplies to the same general, President Antonio Nariño summoned an Open Town Hall to the citizens of the capital in the building known as Las Aulas de San Carlos, which was attended by more than three thousand people. Once again, Nariño considered his retirement from employment so as not to disturb the peace between Cundinamarca and the Congress of the United Provinces. Put to a vote, his offer was unanimously rejected. On the central point to debate regarding to obey or reject the mandate to surrender troops and supplies, it was decided to reject and consequently abandon the federation. With this sovereign decision of the Open Council, the relations between Cundinamarca and the Congress of the United Provinces were, in fact, broken again. 1812-11-01 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Bolívar in Cartagena. Almost at the end of 1812 (late 1812-10 or early 1812-11) the young Venezuelan colonel Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) landed in Cartagena from Curaçao. The "First Republic" of Venezuela has fallen, but the 29-year-old officer retains the certainty of the final triumph, despite the initial failure. Destined, without knowing it, to leave a deep mark on all the nations of northern South America, for the moment, he comes to ask for help to continue his liberating task in Venezuela. As soon as he arrived (1812-11-27), he addressed the Congress of New Granada imploring its protection and in the middle of 1812-12 he made public his "Memory addressed to the citizens of New Granada by a Caracas man . " 1812-11-25 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Cundinamarca prepares to attack Tunja. An expeditionary force under the command of General José Ramón de Leyva leaves Santafé in the direction of Tunja. Antonio Nariño went with her but his condition as head of state did not allow him to have direct command. The federalist congress moved from Villa de Leyva to Tunja to better protect itself from an attack, under the protection of the Provinces of Tunja and El Socorro. Antonio Baraya and Joaquín Ricaurte moved their troops to Tunja from El Socorro and the same did Atanasio Girardot from Villa de Leyva. They went out to wait for Nariño in the vicinity of the site where years later the battle of Boyacá would be fought. In 1812-12-02 they fought at Ventaquemada, with victory for the Federalists. 1812-12-02 New Kingdom of Granada, Tunja Action in Ventaquemada. In the vicinity of Tunja, near the site where years later the Battle of Boyacá would be fought (1819-08-07), federalists and centralists faced each other, with victory for the former. Antonio Nariño and José Ramón Leyva withdrew towards Santafé while Joaquín Ricaurte and Antonio Baraya squandered the opportunity to take the capital by giving up their pursuit of the vanquished. They did it later divided into two columns: one, under the command of Baraya, by way of Nemocón; and another, under the command of Ricaurte, by Tocancipá. Nariño futilely proposed a capitulation that Baraya refused to accept, intimating surrender at will in an attitude that achieved precisely the opposite effect, since Santafé then prepared to defend himself. 1812-12-15 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias «Memory addressed to the Citizens of New Granada by a Caraqueño» . From Cartagena de Indias, where he has arrived since the beginning of 1812-11 in search of refuge after a couple of months of wandering through the Caribbean, the young Venezuelan patriot officer Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), recounts the events that gave the fret with the "First Republic" of Venezuela. It is considered the first great political document of the future Liberator. 1812-12-21 New Kingdom of Granada, Barrancas Bolívar begins the Lower Magdalena campaign. The young Venezuelan colonel Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), who arrived in Cartagena de Indias from the beginning of 1812-11 after the fall of the “First Republic” of Venezuela, by delegation of the provincial authorities, assumed command of a tiny garrison stationed in the small port of Barrancas on the Magdalena River, where he had to await further orders. Impatient, in 1812-12-23 Bolívar attacked the neighboring port of Tenerife and evicted the royalists who occupied it to then disperse the detachments stationed in Plato and Zambrano before reaching Mompox, in 1812-12-27. 1812-12-24 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Federalists besiege Santafé. The federalist troops under the command of Antonio Baraya and Joaquín Ricaurte lay siege to Santafé. A fence line was established from Usaquén to Tunjuelo, blocking the entry of food - particularly molasses, an essential input in the manufacture of the popular chicha. 1812-12-27 New Kingdom of Granada, Mompox Bolívar received in triumph at Mompox. The young Venezuelan colonel Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), arrived in Cartagena de Indias from the beginning of 1812-11 after the fall of the "First Republic" of Venezuela, arrived in Mompox in the development of a successful raid that began in 1812-12- 23 in the small coastal port of Barrancas, close to Cartagena. Hailed as a military commander, he reinforces his small army with half a thousand men. On 1812-12-29 he followed Guamal, which he seized on 1812-12-30 before moving on to El Banco, which he occupied on 1813-01-01. 1812-12-28 New Kingdom of Granada, Usaquén Nariño's unsuccessful interview with Baraya; ultimatum to Santafé. After coming and going as a result of the recent centralist disaster in Ventaquemada (1812-12-02), an interview was arranged between President Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) and the victorious commander Antonio Baraya (1770-1816). In Santafé a trap was feared, but Nariño agreed to attend the meeting under the conditions determined by Baraya. No agreement was reached because in response to the repeated offer of the President to withdraw from office and from the capital, the Congress of the United Provinces insisted on its conditions for the submission of Nariño to prison and the unconditional surrender of Santafé. In 1812-12-30, Baraya issued ultimatums to Nariño and the capital. 1813-01-01 New Kingdom of Granada, Mompox Bolívar arrives at El Banco. The young Venezuelan colonel Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), who arrived in Cartagena de Indias from the beginning of 1812-11 after the fall of the First Republic of Venezuela, arrived at El Banco in the development of a successful raid that began in 1812-12-23 in the small coastal port of Barrancas, near Cartagena. Continue through Chiriguaná (1813-03 to 05) and Tamalameque (1813-01-06) to arrive at Puerto Real de Ocaña - today Gamarra, Cesar - on 1813-01-08. There he leaves the Magdalena River and goes to Ocaña, where he arrives on 1813-01-12. 1813-01-06 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Santafé offers capitulation; Baraya demands unconditional surrender. The successful attack of the young federalist commander Atanasio Girardot (1791-1813) on the hill of Monserrate the day before led the National Representation to offer the capitulation of Santafé, which President Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) proposed to the commander Antonio Baraya ( 1770-1816) the next day. He responded with insolence, demanding that the President "... VS and his supporters surrender at their discretion and await the clemency of the sovereign Congress, well understood that if they do not verify it within twenty-four hours they will experience the disasters they do not want to avoid ..." Faced with the inevitable, at the end of the day a discovery of about fifty men was sent to Usaquén to see if they could break the siege. 1813-01-09 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Surprise Santa Fe victory over the besieging Federalists. In the early morning of 1813-01-09, General Antonio Baraya (1770-1816) finally decided to enter Santafé through San Victorino at the head of more than a thousand men. Some cannon fired in despair by the frightened defenders of the capital managed, as if by magic, to instill chaos among the invaders who unexpectedly fled. In the disorder, the Santafereños (including women and children) were encouraged to pursue them to collect weapons and supplies as the fugitives abandoned them to gain speed. At eight o'clock in the morning everything had concluded and as a fortuitous result Santafé was released at the cost of very few deaths (only about 5) and injured (about 10). It was said then that the frustrated assailants lost about a thousand men between dead (about 600) and wounded (more than 400, of which several died later); falling more than another thousand prisoners. Baraya's men left in the hands of their enemies 27 cannons, abundant rifles and countless white weapons and supplies. President Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) was noble and generous as the winner, as perhaps it would not have been the fate of him and his family if another had been the outcome. The combined effect of the desperation of the besieged in Santafé, and the lack of a plan of attack on the part of the besiegers produced an unpredictable result for both parties. Antonio Baraya and Joaquín Ricaurte (1766-1820), who demanded unconditional surrender, were surprisingly defeated with great losses in men and supplies. 1813-01-12 New Kingdom of Granada, Ocaña Bolívar frees Ocaña. The young Venezuelan colonel Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), who arrived in Cartagena de Indias from the beginning of 1812-11 after the fall of the "First Republic" of Venezuela, arrived in Ocaña in the development of a successful raid on the Magdalena River that began in 1812-12-23 in the small coastal port of Barrancas, near Cartagena, and finished in the Puerto Real de Ocaña - today Gamarra, Cesar - on 1813-01-08. From this last port he went to Ocaña, which he liberated in 1813-01-12 from the oppressors of Santa Marta. Bolívar remained in the city and its surroundings until mid-1813-02 when, he obtained the authorization of the provincial government of Cartagena, He goes out to meet with Colonel from Cartagena Manuel del Castillo y Rada (1781-1816) who has requested his support to confront the Spanish chief Ramón Correa (1767-1822) who threatens to invade Pamplona. After passing through San Pedro (1813-02-20), Salazar de las Palmas (1813-02-22) and San Cayetano (1813-02-25), he arrived in San José de Cúcuta (1813-02-28). 1813-02-10 New Kingdom of Granada, Tunja Santander back in Tunja, promoted to Sergeant Major and destined for the Valleys of Cúcuta. Released, thanks to the generosity of the President of Cundinamarca Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), along with the other prisoners after the failed capture of Santafé (1813-01-09) by the army of the United Provinces commanded by General Antonio Baraya ( 1770-1816), the young captain Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) arrived in Tunja to rejoin the army. There he found his promotion to Sergeant Major and his appointment as second in command of Colonel Manuel del Castillo y Rada (1781-1816), 1813-02-28 New Kingdom of Granada, San José de Cúcuta Bolívar triumphs in Cúcuta. The young Venezuelan colonel Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), arrived in Cartagena de Indias from the beginning of 1812-11 after the fall of the "First Republic" of Venezuela, arrived in San José de Cúcuta in the development of a successful incursion into New Granada territory. started in 1812-12-23 in the small coastal port of Barrancas, near Cartagena. After achieving victory in a war action started at 9:00 am on 02-28-1813 against the royalist forces of Colonel Ramón Correa (1767-1822), he informed the Congress of the United Provinces in Tunja that"... The campaign of Cúcuta has already finished, in just six days that have passed since my departure from Ocaña, liberating a beautiful portion of New Granada from the tyrants that ravaged it. Now we only have to defeat the oppressors of Venezuela, which I hope will soon be exterminated, as have been those of Santa Marta and Pamplona, which in the short period of a few days have seen the iron scepter with which they overwhelm these states torn off ... " Bolívar remains in Cúcuta until 1813-05-14, when he left to enter Venezuela via San Cristóbal (1813-05-15), La Grita (1813-05-18), Bailadores (1813-05-19) and Mérida (1813-05 -23 to 1813-06-10) where for the first time he is acclaimed as a Liberator . 1813-03-04 New Kingdom of Granada, San José de Cúcuta Bolívar requests authorization from Congress in Tunja to invade Venezuela. Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) asks Camilo Torres (1766-1816), President of the Confederation of the United Provinces of Nueva Granada, for authorization to invade Venezuela. Bolívar writes to Torres that "... The fate of New Granada is intimately linked to that of Venezuela: if it continues in chains, the former will also carry them ..." On 1813-03-31, Bolívar acknowledges receipt of the requested authorization. 1813-03-12 New Kingdom of Granada, Tunja Bolívar, Brigadier and citizen of New Granada; disagreements with Castillo. The Congress of the United Provinces, in recognition of his recent executions and to encourage him in successive ones, grants Colonel Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) the rank of Brigadier of the Union Armies and grants him citizenship of Granada; Furthermore, he was appointed Commander in Chief of the army in Cúcuta, with Colonel Manuel del Castillo y Rada (1781-1816) as second in command. Bolívar thanks from Cúcuta in 1813-03-21, but almost immediately in 1813-03-24 he asks to be relieved in the supreme command in Cúcuta due to the disagreements that have arisen between him and his second. And in 1813-03-31 he reiterated to Congress that"... I can assure Your Excellency that my separation from the army is absolutely indispensable while Colonel Castillo exists in him because, it seems, he has resolved to make our services incompatible in the same troops ..." 1813-03-28 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño, sick with care, helps Bolívar. The bad news of the death of his dear friend and eternal supporter Andrés Otero (Santafé, 1813-03-21), added to the recent loss of his also close friend Luis Caicedo y Flórez (Saldaña, 1813-02-?), In addition to Disgust over the invariable provocative attitude of Camilo Torres, had to affect the always weak health of President Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), who fell to bed in the last week of March 1813. The thing must have been serious, because in 1813-03-28 prayers were made in all the capital churches for the restoration of his health. The same day, Nariño got up from his sickbed to receive Venezuelan Colonel José Félix Ribas (1775-1815), sent by Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) to seek aid for his return to Venezuela. 1813-04-19 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño plants the «Tree of Liberty» . In a solemn ceremony held in the Plaza Mayor de Santafé, headed by the President of the State of Cundinamarca Antonio Nariño along with the mayors and magistrates of the capital, a symbolic "Tree of Freedom" is planted in anticipation of the absolute declaration of independence from Spain (1813-07-16) 1813-05-07 Venezuela, San Cristóbal Bolívar receives authorization from the Congress in Tunja to invade Venezuela. General Simón Bolívar receives authorization from Camilo Torres, President of the Confederation of the United Provinces of Nueva Granada, to invade Venezuela. Bolívar orders that Sergeant Major Francisco de Paula Santander, successor to Colonel Manuel del Castillo y Rada in command of the northern army, remain in Cúcuta, taking care of the defense of the New Granada border while he enters Venezuela. 1813-05-10 New Kingdom of Granada, San José de Cúcuta Bolívar thanks Nariño for Cundinamarca's help. Brigadier Simón Bolívar addresses the President of Cundinamarca Antonio Nariño to thank the message sent with his envoy Colonel José Félix Ribas and, above all, the military aid that his commissioner led to the return to his Headquarters in San Cristóbal, at a time when is preparing to reconquer Venezuela: "... YOU will be the first to penetrate the purest joy, applaud your own actions, those of your fellow citizens and, above all, the magnanimous efforts of the illustrious warriors of New Granada with whom I will have the happiness to fight for the redemption of Venezuela and the glory of these States ... " 1813-05-14 New Kingdom of Granada, San José de Cúcuta Bolívar begins its «Admirable Campaign» . General Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) left Cúcuta at the head of a troop body made up of half a thousand men for the purpose of liberating Venezuela. It enters via San Cristóbal (1813-05-15), La Grita (1813-05-18), Dancers (1813-05-19), Mérida (1813-05-23 to 1813-06-10) where for the first time he is hailed as a Liberator, Trujillo (1813-06-14 to 1813-06-26) where he issued the decree of "War to the death" on 1813-06-15, Barinas (1813-07-06 to 1813-07-16), Guanare ( 1813-07-17 to 1813-07-23), Araure (1813-07-24 to 1813-07-27), San Carlos (1813-07-28 to 1813-06-29), Tinaquillo (1813-07- 31) where he defeats the royalist Colonel Julián Izquierdo, Valencia (1813-08-02), La Victoria (1813-08-04 to 1813-08-05) where he signs the Capitulation proposed by the Spanish Governor of Caracas, to arrive finally in triumph to Caracas (1813-08-06). 1813-05-23 Venezuela, Mérida Bolívar acclaimed "Liberator" in Mérida. General Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) entered Mérida at the head of the Union Granadina army and was acclaimed "Liberator of the Homeland . " The title, which Bolívar appreciated above any other until the end of his days, was endorsed by the Municipality of Caracas on 1813-10-14. Years later (1820-01-06), the Congress of Angostura did the same. 1813-06-02 New Kingdom of Granada, Santa Marta Francisco José de Montalvo y Ambulodi (1754-1822), Knight of the Order of Santiago, Field Marshal of the Royal Armies, assumes as Captain General and Superior Political Chief of the New Kingdom of Granada, by appointment of the Supreme Council of Regency that does not grant him the quality of Viceroy. He will have it from 1816-04-16 by decision of Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1814-1833) restored to his throne from 1814-02-23. Montalvo remains in office until 1818-03-09, when he is succeeded by Juan de Sámano y Uribarri (1753-1821; Viceroy of the New Kingdom, 1818-1819). 1813-06-13 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Installation of the Constituent Assembly for Cundinamarca; Nariño's resignation is inadmissible. Failed his attempt of 1813-02-06 in favor of the meeting of a Great Convention, President Antonio Nariño installed in Santafé the sessions of the Electoral College of Cundinamarca as Constituent. Manuel de Bernardo Alvarez was elected President of the Electoral College and before him Nariño resigned the Presidency of Cundinamarca, considering that, with the country back to normal, he had fulfilled the popular mandate received in 1812-09-11. At the moment, the resignation was not admitted and instead it was confirmed in his high position"... in the same terms and with the same powers that were conferred on the aforementioned September 11, until, taking the business into consideration by the sovereign body with the agreement and maturity that its seriousness demands, the appropriateness is resolved ..." 1813-06-15 Venezuela, Trujillo «Decree of War to Death» . In reaction to the Royal Order of 1813-01-11, published by side in the capital on 1811-03-13, by which the government of Spain approves the provisions of the bloody realist peacemaker Domingo de Monteverde (1773-1832) in the sense of "... putting to the knife all the persistent insurgents who dare to resist the King's troops with arms ..." , and of judging as state criminals those who in any way cooperate with the support of the revolution, the Liberator Simón Bolívar answers from Trujillo with his own "War to Death Decree" , which provides the same treatment against Spaniards and Canaries who refuse to act actively as a gift of the freedom of America. 1813-06-25 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Electoral College of Cundinamarca has the initiation of the Liberation Campaign of the South of New Granada. The Congress of the United Provinces notifies the President of Cundinamarca Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) about the recently known circumstance that Popayán was once again intimidated by Juan Sámano. This news, added to those of the attack undertaken by the newcomer Viceroy Francisco Montalvo against Cartagena and to the difficulties that in Venezuela had led Simón Bolívar to declare the "War to the Death", led the Electoral College of Cundinamarca to order the immediate initiation of the Liberation Campaign of the South of Nueva Granada accepting the offer of President Nariño to command it in chief. 1813-06-28 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño, Lieutenant General of the armies of Cundinamarca. The Electoral College of Cundinamarca, which has just ordered the immediate initiation of the Liberating Campaign of the South of Nueva Granada, grants President Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), who will command it, the rank of Lieutenant General of its armies. 1813-07-16 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Declaration of Independence of the Province of Cundinamarca. As the last step prior to the beginning of the Liberation Campaign of the South of Nueva Granada, in 1813-07-05 President Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) requested the Electoral College to declare the absolute independence of Cundinamarca from Spain. After the intense discussions of rigor, it was declared in 1813-07-16 after noon and with the favorable votes of all those present, with the exception of the electors Fernando Rodríguez and José Antonio Torres y Peña. It adopted three horizontal stripes of blue, yellow and red as its flag. 1813-08-04 Venezuela, La Victoria Caracas capitulates to Bolívar. Close to successfully concluding his "Admirable Campaign" with the triumphal entry into his hometown (two days later, on 1813-08-06), the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) signed in La Victoria, a town near the city of Valencia, the Capitulation - proposed by Francisco de Iturbe and Antonio Fernández de León, Marqués de Casa León, former personal friends of the Liberator ably chosen on the occasion as sent by the acting Governor of Caracas, Brigadier Manuel Fierro Sotomayor (1752-1828 ) - with the provision that "... these Capitulations will be carried out religiously, to the reproach of the perfidious [Domingo de] Monteverde and honor of the American name ..." 1813-08-06 Venezuela, Caracas The "Admirable Campaign" ends . Bolívar enters in triumph in Caracas, successfully crowning his fulminating feat that began in San Cristóbal just three months ago (1813-05-14). Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) sent a delegation --integrated by Felipe Fermín de Paúl, Francisco González de Linares, Gerardo Patrullo, priest Salvador García de Ortigosa, and Nicolás Peña-- to deal with the royalist chief Domingo de Monteverde (1773- 1832), a refugee in Puerto Cabello since the disaster of Colonel Julián Izquierdo in Taguanes (1813-07-31), concerning the ratification of the Capitulation of 1813-08-04 and the exchange of prisoners. Monteverde refuses any arrangement (1813-08-15) because"... neither the decorum, nor the honor, nor the justice of the great Spanish nation allow any proposal to be heard that is not directed at putting the Provinces under their command ..." 1813-08-08 Venezuela, Caracas The "Second Republic" begins in Venezuela. The day after his triumphal entry into Caracas, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) wrote to the Congress of New Granada to thank his help and joyfully participate in the reestablishment of the Republic of Venezuela. Unfortunately, the Venezuelan "Second Republic" was to be short-lived. Barely eleven months later, on 1814-07-07, Bolívar himself will lead the massive exodus of the same capital citizens who today acclaim him, in a precipitous flight to the Venezuelan East. 1813-08-11 New Kingdom of Granada, Santiago de Arma de Rionegro Declaration of Independence of the Province of Antioquia. From the sacristy of the co-cathedral of San Nicolás El Magno, in the City of Santiago de Arma de Rionegro, the President-Dictator Juan del Corral (1778-1814) proclaimed the independence of the Province from his command, stating "... The State of Antioquia ignores by its King Fernando VII and any other authority that does not emanate directly from the People, or its Representatives, completely breaking the political union of dependence with the Metropolis and being separated forever from the Crown and Government of Spain ... " 1813-09-21 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Nariño leaves Santafé leading the Liberation Campaign of the South of New Granada. His uncle Manuel de Bernardo Alvarez (1743-1816), an old man of seventy years, in his capacity as President of the Electoral College of Cundinamarca is in charge of the Executive Power. President Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) is in command of the united army of Cundinamarca and the United Provinces of Nueva Granada, made up of troops from Cundinamarca, El Socorro, Tunja and Antioquia. He heads south via Ibagué and La Plata to support Popayán against Pasto and continue to Quito. Nariño did not return to Santafé until the beginning of 1823. 1813-09-30 Venezuela, Valencia Action on the Cerro de Bárbula. At the entrance of the San Esteban Valley to the northeast of Valencia, hit by a gunshot to the forehead, the young colonel from Granada, Atanasio Girardot (1791-1813), fell gloriously at the precise moment in which, to celebrate the patriot victory over a detachment of the The forces of Domingo de Monteverde (1773-1832), nailed the Granada flag at the top of Cerro de Bárbula. The Liberator Simón Bolívar promulgates a decree of honors in his memory and orders that the heart of the hero be taken to Caracas where state funerals are paid to him before being deposited in the Chapel of the Holy Trinity of the Cathedral of Caracas. 1813-10-14 Venezuela, Caracas Bolívar in Caracas, Captain General of the Venezuelan armies and «Liberator of Venezuela» . In recognition of his recent and victorious campaign, in a solemn session of the Municipality of Caracas, the Political Governor of the State Dr. Cristóbal Mendoza (1772-1829) proposed with the approval of the assembly "... solemnly acclaim the Brigadier de la Unión and General in Chief of the liberating weapons, by Captain General of the Armies of Venezuela, alive and effective (…) and with the nickname of «Liberator of Venezuela» so that I can use him as one who consecrates the grateful Homeland to such a worthy son. " As early as 1813-05-23, upon entering the head of the Union Grenadine army in the city of Mérida liberated by him from the tyranny of Domingo de Monteverde, General Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) had been acclaimed «Liberator of the Homeland » . The title, which Bolívar appreciated above any other until the end of his days, was endorsed once again by the Congress of Angostura, in 1820-01-06. 1813-10-22 Venezuela, Caracas Creation of the «Order of the Liberators of Venezuela» . By decree of 1813-10-22, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) created the «Order of the Liberators of Venezuela» to "... pay the liberators of the Homeland an honor that distinguishes them among all and to express , in symbols that represent their great services, the gratitude and consideration that everyone owes them ... " 1813-10-18 New Kingdom of Granada, Pamplona Combate del Llano de Carrillo. Royalist forces under the command of Captain Bartolomé Lizón (1764-1822) defeat a patriotic stronghold commanded by Sergeant Major Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) in the Llano de Carrillo, who was moving towards Pamplona in retreat from San José de Cúcuta before realistic advance. The fall of the Valles de Cúcuta, which ended with this action, meant a severe setback for the Union of Granada. 1813-12-10 New Kingdom of Granada, Tunja Declaration of Independence of the Province of Tunja. The Electoral and Representative College of the Province of Tunja declares its absolute independence from Spain. 1813-12-13 France, Valençay 'Treaty of Valençay'; Fernando VII recovers his crown. The Bonapartist cause in Spain lost, after the successive victories of General Arthur Wellesley (1769-1852), Duke of Wellington, who drove the French out of the invaded Kingdom from 1813-08-31, Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France , 1804-1814) is forced to start negotiations with Ferdinand VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833), his prisoner in France from 1808-04-30. In 1813-12-11, the corresponding treaty was signed between the ambassador Conde de Laforest, representative of the French Emperor, and the Duke of San Carlos on behalf of the King of Spain. Initially the Courts refused to recognize him but then agreed to the unanimous desire of the country. In 1814-02-23, Fernando VII crossed the border to re-enter his Kingdom through the town of Figueras (Catalonia). 1813-12-30 New Kingdom of Granada, Popayán Action in Alto Palacé. While the combined army of Cundinamarca and the United Provinces under the command of President Antonio Nariño marches from La Plata towards Popayán, an outpost of some two hundred men commanded by Lieutenant Colonel José María Vergara defeats the royalist army of Brigadier Juan Sámano and pursues him. to the Puente de Cauca, in whose surroundings you camp. This action allows Nariño the entrance to Popayán, which takes place on 1814-01-02. 1814-01-02 New Kingdom of Granada, Popayán Nariño recovers Popayán. The patriot triumph of 1813-12-30 in Alto Palacé allowed the combined forces of Cundinamarca and the United Provinces led by President Antonio Nariño to enter Popayán. The inhabitants of the provincial capital did not show greater enthusiasm for the change of flag nor did they give aid to the liberating troops, so Nariño chose to camp on the outskirts from where he later went to face the royalists in Calibío (1814-01- fifteen) 1814-01-08 Spain, Cádiz Miranda imprisoned in Cádiz. The «Redactor General», a Cádiz newspaper, reported on 1814-01-08 that Francisco de Miranda was imprisoned in a dungeon in the Cuatro Torres fort in the prison known as «La Carraca». It will be your last prison. Incommunicated, he manages to swipe letters for all his acquaintances around the world that do not seem to have been of much use to him. Miranda died in that prison on 1816-07-14. 1814-01-15 New Kingdom of Granada, Popayán Action in Calibío. After the taking of Popayán in 1814-01-02, the patriotic forces under the command of the President of Cundinamarca Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) beat the royalists of the Spanish commander Ignacio Asín in Calibío, who died in combat. The following day, Nariño returned to Popayán, where he was better received than in his previous entry, but not as much as the patriot chief expected, because of a loan of one hundred thousand pesos that he ordered to raise, he only got a tenth part. By staying in the city until 1814-03-22 Nariño lost precious time, which could have been the cause of the unexpected and disastrous end of his Liberation Campaign of the South of Nueva Granada. 1814-02-03 Venezuela, Llanos del Centro, Villa de Cura First Battle of La Puerta. Warfare between royalist forces under the command of José Tomás Boves (1782-1814), marching towards the center of the country to cross the Valleys of Aragua and take Caracas, and troops of the Second Venezuelan Republic commanded by Colonel Vicente Campo Elías (1759 -1814). The action took place in a couple of hours: during the first, the patriots held out successfully; but before an apparent retreat of the royalists, with the patriots in pursuit, Boves' cavalry that was in reserve cornered and defeated the contender. Campo Elías managed to flee with 200 horsemen to Villa de Cura, from where he followed La Cabrera, near Valencia. 1814-02-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Neiva Declaration of Independence of the Province of Neiva. The Electoral College and Reviewer of the Province of Neiva declares its absolute independence from Spain. 1814-02-23 Spain, Catalonia, Figueras Fernando VII returns to Spain. Released under the 'Treaty of Valençay' (1813-12-13) from the prison in which Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) kept him from 1808-04-30, Ferdinand VII (1784- 1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) crossed the Franco-Hispanic border with his entourage and escorted by Marshal Louis Gabriel Suchet, who in the town of Figueras (Catalonia) delivered the royal person to the Captain General of Catalonia Francisco de Paula Copons and Navia. Greeted with enthusiasm, he followed Valencia. 1814-02-28 Venezuela, Valles de Aragua, San Mateo Action in San Mateo, favorable to Bolívar. From the early hours of 1814-02-28 and for more than ten hours they fought in the streets of the town and in its surroundings. José Tomás Boves (1782-1814) retired wounded to Villa de Cura, where he convalesced before rejoining his army on 1814-03-20. Realistic casualties are estimated to be close to a thousand, between dead and wounded; the patriots lost, among others, Colonels Manuel Villapol (1779-1814) and Vicente Campo Elías (1759-1814). A second action, also favorable to the patriots, took place on the property of the Bolívar family's hacienda in San Mateo, on 1814-03-25. 1814-03-22 New Kingdom of Granada, Popayán Nariño leaves Popayán. After staying in Popayán between 1814-01-02 and 1814-03-22, President Antonio Nariño resumed his campaign over Quito. It leads some 1,400 infantrymen and some cavalry units. With enough difficulties, he reached the banks of the Juanambú River on 1814-04-29. 1814-03-24 Spain, Pamplona Fernando VII, recently released, offers to swear the Constitution of 1812. Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833), free from the prison to which Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804- 1814) from 1808-04-30 in Bayonne, he crosses the Franco-Spanish border. The Captain General of Catalonia, Francisco Copons y Navia, gives him the documents sent by the Regency Council from Cádiz in which he is informed that he must first swear the Constitution of 1812 - which establishes that the legislative power resides in the Cortes jointly with the King, and that the application of the laws corresponds exclusively to the courts - before it can be legitimately recognized as sovereign. For now, Fernando appears to submit as the only way to ensure his return to the throne. But soon, on 1814-05-04, 1814-03-25 Venezuela, Valles de Aragua, San Mateo Second action in San Mateo; Ricaurte's sacrifice. The previous meeting in the same place (1814-02-28) favored Simón Bolívar (1783-1830). José Tomás Boves (1782-1814) retired wounded to Villa de Cura, where he convalesced before rejoining his army on 1814-03-20. On 1814-03-25 at dawn Boves launched a formidable attack. The heroic Granada captain Antonio Ricaurte (1786-1814) blew himself up when he blew up the military park located in the upper house of the San Mateo sugar mill to prevent it from falling into the hands of the enemy led in this section by Francisco Tomás Morales (1781-1845) . After nine hours of intense combat, victory again favored Bolívar. Boves, humiliated, took refuge in the southern hills from where he had left in the morning. It lost about 1,800 men, between dead and wounded. 1813-12-10 New Kingdom of Granada, Popayán Declaration of Independence of the Province of Popayán. The Electoral and Constituent College of the Province of Popayán declares its absolute independence from Spain. 1814-03-30 France, Paris The end is nearing for Napoleon. The allied armies against Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) enter Paris. 1814-04-06 France, Paris Napoleon Bonaparte's abdication. In 1814-04-04, Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) defeated by a multinational coalition made up of Prussia, Russia, England and Austria, is deposed by the Senate and is forced to abdicate his Crown Imperial and tries to do it in favor of his son. But Tsar Alexander I (1777-1825), on behalf of the sovereigns of the winning coalition, claimed and in 1814-04-06 obtained from Napoleon an unconditional abdication. The Duke of Provence, brother of the executed Louis XVI (1754-1793), who accedes to him as Louis XVIII (1755-1824) is called to the French throne. The deposed Emperor Bonaparte was awarded the Island of Elba (between Corsica and Italy, very close to Piombino in Upper Tuscany) as Principality, with his own income and personal guard. Napoleon arrived on the island on 1814-05-04 and remained there until 1815-03-01. He attempted a return to France which was very brief (it was called"Restoration of the Hundred Days" ). Defeated in 1815-06-18 by the Duke of Wellington at Waterloo, he finally had to resign definitively to the throne and any hope of return on 1815-06-22. 1814-04-29 New Kingdom of Granada, Pasto Acción in Juanambú. Leaving Popayán in 1814-04-22, the combined army of the President of Cundinamarca Antonio Nariño, after a difficult march, reached the banks of the Juanambú River on 1814-04-29. He manages to beat an enemy outpost that was trying to prevent the crossing of the river and continues until he finds and defeats the forces of Marshal Melchor Aymerich at the point of Tacines (1814-05-09) 1814-05-04 Spain, Valencia Fernando VII, absolute monarch. Against what was offered (1814-03-24) at the time of his release, after six years of captivity imposed from 1808-04-30 by Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) in France, Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1814-1833) decreed the dissolution of the Cortes, the repeal of the Constitution of Cádiz and the arrest of the liberal deputies, and proclaimed himself absolute monarch:"... [...] my Real Spirit is not only not to swear or agree to said Constitution, or to any decree of the Cortes [...] but to declare that Constitution and those decrees null and of no value or effect, now or at any time, as if such acts had never happened and were removed from the midst of time, and without obligation on my peoples and subjects of any kind and condition to carry them out or keep them. " 1814-05-04 Venezuela, Caracas Nariño, member of the «Order of the Liberators». After the reconquest of Caracas, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) instituted the «Order of the Liberators» (1813-10-22) and in 1814-05-04 communicated to Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) the concession that She has made him in recognition of the support provided in 1813-03 on behalf of Cundinamarca:"... Eager to distinguish those military personnel who with their sacrifices and extraordinary efforts contributed highly to the happy success of the campaign that liberated Venezuela and that will make the glory of the greatest heroes of the earth, I instituted the« Order of the Liberators ». As Your Excellency is, without a doubt, one of the most sincere friends that my Homeland numbers and whose singular protection essentially contributed to redeem it from Spanish power, recognition and justice require that Your Excellency be one of the first to use the venera that distinguishes to the members of the aforementioned Order ... " 1814-05-09 New Kingdom of Granada, Action Pasto in Tacines. Having managed to cross the Juanambú River in 1814-04-29, after defeating a royalist detachment that tried to prevent it, the combined army of the President of Cundinamarca Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) continued its march towards Pasto. At the site of Tacines he found and beat Marshal Melchor Aymerich (1754-1836), who without major losses managed to retreat to Pasto pursued by Nariño at the head of some 250 men. But the patriots barely managed to reach Alto de Aranda, from where the provincial capital can be seen, when hail and darkness forced them to seek refuge for the night with the expectation of entering Pasto without difficulty the next day. 1814-05-10 New Kingdom of Granada, Pasto Unexpected patriot disaster at the gates of Pasto. When the advance of President Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) tried to enter Pasto on the morning of 1814-05-10, the day after the triumph in Tacines, counting on the defeat of the royalist leader Mariscal Melchor Aymerich (1754-1836) The day before in Tacines he would have continued on to Quito, Nariño found himself surprisingly surrounded by the local peasantry who gave no respite to a sustained attack between ten in the morning and ten at night. Nariño's forces, poorly eaten and worse asleep, ran out of ammunition before making their way into the city. Another night they had to put up with the elements and, in the early morning of the other day (1814-05-11) the word spread that Nariño had been killed along with most of his officers. The troops dispersed after nailing cannons, so that Nariño was lost. The President ordered his men to retreat to Popayán in search of reinforcements and insisted on sending his son Antonio with them. 1814-05-13 Spain, Madrid Fernando VII triumphs over Madrid. Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) triumphantly entered Madrid, capital of his recovered kingdom. Under arches of triumph and in the midst of the delirium of a people who acclaim him as "The Desired One", twenty-four young people pull their carriage. Feeling firm now on his throne, he forgets the promises made previously and returns to the path of absolutism that he proclaimed to abhor (Pamplona, 1814-03-24). He reinstated the Royal Council and the Inquisition, and declared the Constitution of 1812 null and void. The reconquest of his overseas colonies became his next goal. 1814-05-14 New Kingdom of Granada, Pasto Nariño surrenders to Aymerich. After wandering alone, hungry and aimlessly and hopelessly from the early hours of 1814-05-11 through the surrounding mountains of Pasto, the President of Cundinamarca Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) surrenders to a minimal patrol of pastusos, asking to be led in the presence of Marshal Melchor Aymerich (1754-1836). A noble enemy, Aymerich received Nariño as a prisoner but ordered that he be given the treatment corresponding to his high employment and rank; and, with even greater gallantry, he resisted agreeing to Nariño's request that he be sent to Quito, in the certainty that President Toribio Montes (1749-1828) would have him shot without hesitation; he limited himself to authorizing her to address him in writing. The next day, 1814-05-31 New Kingdom of Granada, Pamplona Santander, promoted to colonel. The Electoral College of Pamplona, ascends to the rank of colonel to Lieutenant Colonel Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840), in recognition of the reconquest campaign for the patriots of the territories of that Government. 1814-06-15 Venezuela, Llanos del Centro, Villa de Cura Second Battle of La Puerta: end of the «Second Republic». Generals Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) and Santiago Mariño (1788-1854) are defeated by José Tomás Boves (1782-1814). With approximately three thousand men on each side, the patriots have had to win because although with more infantry and fewer horsemen they had the advantage of a large artillery, well placed and better directed by the expert Colonel Diego Jalón (c1783-1814). The triumphs of San Mateo, in more difficult circumstances, were promising antecedents; but, possibly the troops lacking courage, the patriots allowed themselves to be snatched away by the artillery at a time when the cavalry was charging over them. Lost the most powerful weapon, the battle was lost two long hours after it started. The Liberator continued to Caracas, where he arrived on 1814-06-17. Declared martial law in the capital, Bolívar sent Pedro Gual to Barbados, William Watson and George Robertson requesting British naval support for defense. The patriot setback in La Puerta proved fatal for Venezuela and, finished off by the subsequent defeat in Aragua de Barcelona (1814-08-17), determined the downfall of the"Second Republic" started so auspiciously on 1813-08-07. 1814-07-04 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Pasto From the prison where he finds himself after voluntarily surrendering himself on 1814-05-14 to the royalist military chief, Marshal Melchor Aymerich (1754-1836), after the unexpected patriot disaster before the gates de Pasto, Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) obtains permission to write to the President and Councilors of the Executive Power of Cundinamarca in Santafé and the Congress of the United Provinces in Tunja to communicate that he has obtained from the President of the Quito Court, Toribio Montes (1749-1828), his agreement for two commissioners to discuss the possibility of a suspension of hostilities"... that it would give time to see the state in which the things of Europe were left, without an effusion of useless and fruitless blood; for it is indubitable that the fate of the Kingdom cannot depend on the forces that are found by one and the other in the day. part ... "It urges its recipients that " ... laying down all objections about our previous domestic disagreements ... " they agree and proceed together to appoint " ... as soon as possible the person who should take charge of such an important commission ... " 1814-07-06 Venezuela, Caracas General exodus to the Venezuelan East. A large part of the population of Caracas and the center of the Province undertook a retreat towards the East, along the coast via Rio Chico and Barcelona. The meager patriot treasure and silver ornaments collected in the churches of the capital have been sent the day before to La Guaira to be shipped on the schooner of Felipe Esteves. The hurried march of some twenty thousand people is led by the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) in person and guarded by some 1,200 soldiers under the command of Leandro Palacios (and Carlos Soublette. José Tomás Boves refrained from pursuing the emigrants. Francisco Tomás Morales (1781-1845) marched through the Llanos road, thus falling into the "Second Republic" of Venezuela, which so auspiciously began on 1813-08-07. 1814-08-17 Venezuela, Aragua de Barcelona Patriot defeat in Aragua de Barcelona. The royalist chief Francisco Tomás Morales (1781-1845) defeats the patriotic forces of the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) seconded by José Francisco Bermúdez (1782-1831). In this action the remains of the Army of the West succumbed, saved by Bolívar from the recent disaster at La Puerta (1814-06-15). 1814-09-02 Venezuela, Cariaco Bando de Cariaco. The patriotic leaders José Félix Ribas (1775-1815) and Manuel Carlos Piar (1774-1817) make public a party for which they do not know the authority of the generals Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) and Santiago Mariño (1788-1854) and the declared outlawed for having ignominiously abandoned their men and the mainland on 1814-08-25 when they fled to Isla Margarita aboard the schooner Jove, captain of the flotilla of the corsair Giovanni Bianchi, taking with them the remains of the Republic's treasure taken from Caracas as well as the silver objects looted from the churches of the capital. Ribas declares himself supreme head of the West, replacing Bolívar; while Piar declares himself supreme head of the East, replacing Mariño. 1814-09-07 Venezuela, Carúpano Manifesto of Carúpano. Before leaving the Venezuelan territory for exile in Cartagena de Indias, the Liberator Simón Bolívar addresses to his fellow citizens a summary of recent activities with the justification of his conduct: "... I, very far from having the crazy presumption of conceptualizing myself blameless for the catastrophe of my country, I suffer, on the contrary, the deep regret of believing myself the unfortunate instrument of its dreadful miseries; but I am innocent because my conscience has never participated in voluntary error or malice, although on the other hand I have acted wrong and without success ... " 1814-09-20 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Bolívar, from Cartagena, asks the New Granada Congress for support. Arrived in Cartagena the day before, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) wrote to Camilo Torres (1766-1816), President of the Congress of the United Provinces of Nueva Granada in Tunja, to inform him of the recent events in Venezuela. "... The nature of a war of extermination that I was forced to wage in Venezuela to preserve the freedom that I had given reduced such a country to a desolation that it is impossible to describe to Your Excellency ... Although fortune constantly crowned our efforts, deciding in favor of the Republic more than one hundred combats, it was quite a single misfortune experienced in La Puerta on June 15 last [1814]for the enemy to seize the Province of Caracas. When the only army that protected the capital was lost on that unfortunate day, I found myself in the dire need to abandon it and on July 7, 2010, I retired to Barcelona ... " Bolivar communicates to the Tunja Congress his decision to appear personally to justify himself. At the end of 1814-10 he set out towards that seat of government, where he appeared on 1814-11-24. 1814-11-24 New Kingdom of Granada, Tunja Bolívar before the Congress of New Granada; promoted to major general. The Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), arrived in Cartagena on 1814-09-19 after the fall of the "Second Republic" of Venezuela, personally attends to explain his conduct before the Congress of the United Provinces of New Granada in Tunja. President Camilo Torres (1766-1816) exonerates him of the unfortunate events in Venezuela. "... Your country has not perished as long as your sword exists. You have been an unfortunate military man, but you are a great man." The Congress promoted the Liberator to Major General (1814-11-27) and ordered him to go without delay to Santafé to force the entry of Cundinamarca into the Confederation of United Provinces of New Granada. The government of Cundinamarca has remained in the hands of Manuel de Bernardo Alvarez y Casal (1743-1816), since the departure of President Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) at the command of the Liberation Campaign of the South of Nueva Granada (1813-09-21 ). 1814-12-05 Venezuela, Urica Battle of Urica. War action that confronted the patriotic armies of General José Félix Ribas (1775-1815) seconded by colonels José Francisco Bermúdez (1782-1831), José Tadeo Monagas (1784-1868), Manuel Cedeño (1780-1821), Pedro Zaraza (1775-1825) against the royalist forces of José Tomás Boves (1782-1814) and Francisco Tomás Morales (1781-1845) and ended with the victory of the royalists. The fearsome Boves lost his life pierced, according to oral tradition, by the spear of Zaraza. Morales, as bloodthirsty as his boss, did not then hesitate to assume absolute military command in Venezuela and kept it - ignoring the nominal authority of Juan Manuel de Cajigal y Martínez (1757-1823) - until his arrival (Carúpano, 1815- 04-07) of the Expeditionary Army of the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837). 1814-12-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Bolívar urges Santafé to surrender. From the field of Techo in the goteras de Santafé - which he is preparing to submit, commissioned by the Congress of the United Provinces to force Cundinamarca to join it - the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) addresses President Manuel by Bernardo Alvarez y Casal (1743-1816) in a conciliatory tone. "... Heaven has destined me to be the Liberator of the oppressed peoples and thus I will never be the conqueror of a single village. Our object is to unite the mass under the same direction so that our elements may all go towards the sole purpose of restoring the New World in its rights to freedom and independence ... " 1814-12-11 Venezuela, Maturín Fifth battle of Maturín. Military confrontation that buried the Second Republic of Venezuela. The royalist forces of Francisco Tomás Morales (1781-1845) destroy the last great patriot garrison that remained in the country. After the defeat at Urica (1814-12-05) the republican army had disappeared. General José Félix Ribas (1775-1815) and Colonel José Francisco Bermúdez (1782-1831) had managed to escape and reunite the scattered survivors in their headquarters. The royalists stormed the city and killed as many as they could to avenge the heavy casualties caused by the cavalry of Colonel José Gregorio Monagas (1795-1858). The Republicans who managed to escape fled in various directions. Ribas was betrayed, captured and shot (Tucupido, 1815-01-31). 1814-12-12 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Santafé capitulates to the Liberator. The Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) enters Santafé. It comes with orders from the Congress of the United Provinces of Nueva Granada, based in Tunja, to submit Cundinamarca to the federative regime. With the capital under attack from 1814-12-10, after a short resistance, in 1814-12-12 the local government, presided over by Manuel de Bernardo Alvarez y Casal (1743-1816), capitulated, who replaced his nephew Antonio Nariño (1765 -1823) after his march to the Southern Campaign, which ended with his defeat and surrender in Pasto for his subsequent deportation to Spain. Bolívar remains in the capital until the end of the following month, when he leaves (1815-01-23) with instructions to liberate Santa Marta on his way back to Venezuela. 1814-12-29 New Kingdom of Granada, Popayán Occupation of Popayán. Lieutenant Colonel Aparicio Vidaurrázaga, commanded by the President of Quito Toribio Montes (1749-1828), occupies Popayán and continues his offensive towards the north, making the first encounters with the outposts of the army of the patriot Colonel José María Cabal. 1815-01-07 New Kingdom of Granada, Cúcuta Threat over Cúcuta. The Spanish forces of Colonel Remigio Ramos stopped before the fortifications of the patriots in Chopo, without daring to attack. The realistic advance on New Granada is thus stopped. 1815-01-23 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé El Libertador, Captain General of the army of the Confederation of United Provinces of New Granada, leaves the capital. The Liberator Simón Bolívar, appointed Captain General of the army of the Confederation of United Provinces of New Granada, says goodbye to the people of Santa Fe with a heartfelt proclamation in which he designates himself as their "fellow citizen." Bolívar marches in command of an army of three thousand men with instructions to liberate Santa Marta on his way to Venezuela. 1815-02-15 New Kingdom of Granada, Cúcuta Successful patriots on the border with Venezuela. The United Provinces forces commanded by General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845) had left Santafé at the end of 1815-01, back to their location on the northeastern border of New Granada. In Pamplona, Urdaneta met Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840). Knowing that Spanish Colonel Remigio Ramos had evacuated Cúcuta to reinforce the division that Sebastián de La Calzada was to lead to Ocaña, the patriots occupied Cúcuta without encountering resistance. From Cúcuta they left at the beginning of 1815-03 to attack San Cristóbal. There they put the Spanish to flight and captured supplies. 1815-02-15 Spain, Cádiz Punitive expedition against the colonies of Spain in America begins. In 1815-02-15 the punitive expedition sent to America by the Spanish Crown under the command of Pablo Morillo (1775-1837), appointed Captain General of Venezuela (1814-08-14), set sail from Cádiz. A fleet of eighty-five ships under the command of Brigadier Pascual de Enrile (1772-1836), second in command, transports a reconquest army made up of more than ten thousand veterans of the Napoleonic wars. Ostensibly destined for the Río de la Plata, it carries secret orders to go initially to the Captaincy General of Venezuela and from there to Cartagena de Indias, in order to "pacify" the provinces of Costa Firme and Nueva Granada, which are up in arms against Spain. 1815-03-01 France, Antibes The "Hundred Days" of the Napoleonic restoration begin . In 1815-03-01, Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) landed in the Gulf of John, near Antibes on the French Mediterranean coast, on the first stop of his unexpected return from the Isle of Elba, where he had been confined since 1814-05-04 after his abdication (Paris, 1814-04-06). He marches without stopping to Paris, where he entered on 1815-03-20. Louis XVIII (1755-1824; King of France, 1814-1824) seeks refuge in Ghent while Napoleon regains the throne. The restoration is short-lived, as it concluded in 1815-06-18 with the defeat of the Emperor at Waterloo (Belgium) and his subsequent unconditional resignation (Paris, 1815-06-22). 1815-03-25 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Bolívar besieges Cartagena. The Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), before the refusal of his compatriot Pedro Gual y Escandón (1783-1862), Governor of Cartagena, to supply him with the weapons and supplies he requires to continue his campaign on Santa Marta on the way to Venezuela, decides to resign command. The officials, from Granada and Venezuela, deny his resignation and urge him to force the delivery of the requested supplies. Contravening precise orders from the Congress of the United Provinces, Bolívar decided to lay siege to Cartagena. He knew he could not take it by force, but perhaps he hoped that his supporters inside the square would let him in, which did not happen. In 1815-04-24, faced with the uselessness of the siege, 1815-04-07 Venezuela, Carúpano Pablo Morillo's pacifying expedition reaches Costa Firme. Departure from Cádiz in 1815-02-17, the expedition commanded by Captain General of Venezuela Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) reached Costa Firme after almost two months of navigation without incident to anchor in front of the Carúpano fort in northeastern Venezuela. , near the birth of the Paria peninsula. The local commander Colonel Francisco Tomás Morales (1781-1845), a Canarian established in Venezuela and a veteran combatant of the insurrection, went out to receive the new Captain General and was promptly admitted aboard the "San Pedro de Alcántara", flagship of the fleet, where the first Military Junta was held to illustrate Morillo and his General Staff about the situation at the time of their arrival. Based on this information, it was decided to proceed to disembark on the immediate Margarita Island, the focus of the independence movement and whose leader Juan Bautista Arismendi (1775-1841) was among the most staunch enemies of the colonial regime. In addition, the reduction of that same island was among the first objectives of the expedition, according to the reserved instructions received by Morillo in 1814-11-18. At six in the morning on 1815-04-07, the expeditionary fleet anchored off Pampatar on the east coast of Isla Margarita. 1815-04-07 Venezuela, Margarita Island Morillo's first actions. The Spanish squad of Brigadier Pascual de Enrile (1772-1836), with about ten thousand men on board as members of the pacification army sent by Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) under the command of General Pablo Morillo (1775-1837), overlooks the town and fortress of Porlamar, the main port of Isla Margarita. The island is separated from the mainland by a strait, and the revolutionaries under the command of Generals Juan Bautista Arismendi (1775-1841) and José Francisco Bermúdez (1782-1831) were refugees. Upon learning of the arrival of the expedition, Bermúdez slipped through the fleet in the schooner "Golondrina" and set sail to the Island of Granada, from where it then went to Cartagena. Arismendi, on the other hand, put himself at the mercy of Morillo, imploring clemency and promising fidelity. Morillo forgave him, but Arismendi did not comply. As the days went by, knowing that he was deceived by the Venezuelan, the Peacemaker did not trust the Americans again. For the moment, Morillo went to Caracas, where he triumphed and from there he addressed a proclamation to New Granada announcing the proximity of his visit. 1815-04-23 Venezuela, Isla Margarita Explosion of the flagship of Pablo Morillo's expedition. Unexpectedly, while awaiting the departure of all the vessels that by order of Captain General Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) would accompany him for the landing on the continent, the flagship "San Pedro de Alcántara", a 64-gun ship launched in Havana in 1788, exploded. With the ship, the expedition box with more than one million one hundred thousand pesos was lost, part of the artillery, gunpowder, ammunition, eight thousand rifles, swords, pistols, mounts, clothing, equipment and props, as well as personal luggage of various officers and bosses. The subsequent investigation did not find traces of criminal hands and the fact was attributed to an act of God, according to some in counterpart for the royalists of the 1812 earthquake in Caracas for the rebels. What was lost by the explosion was irreplaceable for an exhausted Spain at the end of its own war of independence from France. Possibly, in order to partially alleviate his economic difficulties resulting from the disaster with this decision, the failure led Morillo to order the immediate shipment of 1. 1815-05-09 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Bolívar raises the siege of Cartagena and leaves for Jamaica. After a long month of unsuccessful siege to the stronghold of Cartagena de Indias in order to force it to deliver the war supplies it needs to liberate Santa Marta and continue to Venezuela, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) agrees to sign a treaty of peace and friendship with Brigadier Manuel del Castillo y Rada (1781-1816), military chief of the square. At the end of the failed attempt, in addition to having given the Spaniards the opportunity to recapture the Lower Magdalena from Barranquilla to Puerto Real, Bolívar's army was reduced to about seven hundred troops at the time that the Province of Cartagena was desolate precisely on the eve of the the siege to which the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo would have subjected her. It is not surprising that in such circumstances, Bolívar chose to disappear from the scene. On 1815-05-08 peace was agreed. Simón Bolívar resigned from the command of the Union army, communicated it to Congress in Santafé and the next day he embarked for Jamaica in the English brigDiscoverer . In 1815-05-14 he reached Kingston, where he remained until 1815-12-18. 1815-06-18 Belgium, Waterloo Defeat of Napoleon at Waterloo. In the vicinity of the Belgian town of Waterloo, about twenty kilometers south of Brussels, in confrontation against British, Dutch and German troops under the command of Arthur Wellesley (1769-1852), Duke of Wellington, and the Prussian army of Field Marshal Gebhard von Blücher (1742-1819), Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) is defeated. The Emperor returns to Paris, and on 1815-06-22 he is forced to unconditionally renounce the imperial throne. 1815-06-22 France, Paris The "Hundred Days" of the Napoleonic restoration end. Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814), back in Paris after being defeated at Waterloo (Belgium, 1815-06-18) by Arthur Wellesley (1769-1852), Duke of Wellington, is again forced to unconditionally renounce the imperial throne, as he had already done on 1814-04-06. In 1815-07-15, he is embarked from Rochefort aboard an English ship bound for his final prison on the remote island of Saint Helena, a small English possession located in the middle of the Atlantic (south of the Coast of Ivory and west of Angola) whose only port, Jamestown, arrived on 1815-10-17. There he will remain until his death on 1821-05-05. 1815-07-05 New Kingdom of Granada, Cauca, Caloto Battle of the Río Palo. At the site where the Palo River flows into the Valle del Cauca plain, a meeting took place between the republican troops of General José María Cabal Barona (1769-1816) and the royalists of Spanish Colonel Aparicio Vidaurrázaga, Governor of Popayán. The plains of Hacienda Pílamo in Caloto, were the theater of a brilliant patriot triumph. The combat, which began at five in the morning and involved some three thousand troops distributed roughly evenly between the two sides, lasted a couple of hours. The royalists had 300 soldiers and 15 officers killed, among them Major General Francisco Soriano and the Commander of the Patía, Joaquín de Paz; 8 officers and 350 soldiers prisoners; 67 wounded, abundant war material seized, numerous awnings and even religious field altars. Patriot losses consisted of 2 officers and 47 soldiers killed, plus 9 officers and 112 wounded soldiers. The triumph brought a momentary respite to the south of New Granada. In this action, the young second lieutenant José María Córdova (1799-1829), a member of the troop under General Emmanuel Serviez (1785-1816), received a baptism of fire, whose outstanding participation earned him the promotion to lieutenant. 1815-07-12 Venezuela, Puerto Cabello Pablo Morillo embarks for Cartagena de Indias. Completed without major setbacks (with the exception of the loss of his flagship) the first part of his instructions for the pacifying expedition undertaken from Cádiz in 1815-02-17, Pablo Morillo embarks with his troops bound for Cartagena from Puerto Cabello in 1815-07-12. On the way he sent a first proclamation to the inhabitants of the New Kingdom of Granada, signed by José Domingo Duarte, one of his generals who was originally from these lands, in which, as in the previous ones, he mixes the request that they be submissive to the King with the threat to proceed with arms against those who persist in rebellion. Morillo landed in Santa Marta on 1815-07-23. 1815-07-15 New Kingdom of Granada, Pasto Antonio Nariño, sent to Quito. Prisoner in Pasto since he voluntarily surrendered (1814-05-14) to the royalist military chief Mariscal Melchor Aymerich after the unexpected patriot defeat at the gates of the city, the President of Cundinamarca Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) leaves the capital provincial bound for Quito by order of President Toribio Montes (1749-1828). Some attempts by Granada patriots to free him by force on the way failed. Arrived in Quito, it was sent to Lima to be shipped (1815-11-04) to Cádiz, where it arrived on 1816-03-03. 1815-07-15 France, Rochefort Napoleon, prisoner, sets sail for Saint Helena. In 1815-07-15, Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) who unconditionally renounced the imperial throne on 1815-06-22, is embarked at Rochefort aboard an English ship bound for to his final prison on the remote island of Saint Helena, a small English possession located in the middle of the Atlantic (south of the Ivory Coast and west of Angola) whose only port, Jamestown, he arrived at in 1815-10-17. Without ever having left his prison island, Napoleon died there on 1821-05-05. His remains remained on the island until 1840, when they were transferred to Paris (to the Cemetery of the Invalides, on the banks of the Seine) in compliance with a testamentary disposition of the ex-Emperor. 1815-07-23 New Kingdom of Granada, Santa Marta Morillo in Santa Marta, is about to besiege Cartagena. The Spanish Peacemaker General Pablo Morillo arrives in Santa Marta amid cheers from the local royalists. From there, a land advance of more than two thousand men dispatched to Cartagena immediately under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Francisco Tomás Morales, a llanero who had been second to the bloodthirsty José Tomás Boves who died in Venezuela and as cruel as his late boss. With the rest of his forces he embarks for Cartagena. Initially, the siege of the plaza involved about 9,700 men and about 500 guns. In anticipation of the invasion, the patriots had burned nearby villages to make it difficult for the enemy to lodge. Morillo arranged for a flying division of about a thousand men under the command of Brigadier Pedro Ruiz de Porras to leave for Mompox to ensure the supply of supplies for the besieging army. It was also planned that another strong division of two thousand men commanded by Colonel Sebastián de La Calzada would enter through the Cúcuta Valley to hit Ocaña. 1815-08-16 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Pablo Morillo begins siege to Cartagena de Indias. In the vicinity of Sabanalarga, while the advance of Pablo Morillo's peacekeeping army under the command of Colonel Francisco Tomás Morales is heading from Santa Marta to Cartagena, a party commanded by Captain Simón Sicilia attacks a party of pro-independence activists who barely offered resistance. Morales' troops arrived safely in the vicinity of Cartagena to meet with the bulk of Morillo's army that had just landed in the Galerazamba cove, a little north of the walled city. From the landing site, Morillo addressed a proclamation to the inhabitants of Cartagena de Indias in which he left no room for doubt about his intentions:"... if you dare to turn your weapons against SM's, your country will soon be a vast desert ..." and he refused to maintain any contact with emissaries of the city, considering that, in the circumstances, there was no room nothing different from the complete surrender of the square. The siege lasted until 1815-12-06. 1815-08-30 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Cartagena welcomes Venezuelan emigrants. At the end of 1815-08 the patriots of Cartagena celebrate the arrival of the Venezuelan emigrants from the Antilles and assign them positions of trust in their defense lines against the site to which the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) has begun to submit them - -and the one that will last until 1815-12-05, the day the square is surrendered. Dissatisfied by the lack of activity of the military chief Brigadier Manuel del Castillo y Rada (1781-1816), they deposed him to appoint General José Francisco Bermúdez (1782-1831) in his place. They entrusted Colonel Carlos Soublette (1789-1870) with the defense of the Cerro and La Popa Convent, and assigned Colonel Mariano Montilla (1782-1851) the functions of Major General. General Florencio Palacios (1784-1816) entered to command the castle of San Felipe; Commanders Pedro León Torres and Felipe Mauricio Martín, from San José de Bocachica; and Commander José Sata y Bussy, the Angel de Bocachica. Under Soublette's orders were the Scottish commander James Stuart; the Venezuelan captains Francisco Piñango, Miguel Borrás, Manuel Cala, Rafael Jugo, Hilario Ibarra, Ignacio Tirado; the engineering officers Lino de Pombo, Antonio José de Sucre, Juan Nepomuceno Vega, José Ignacio Iriarte, José Antonio Martínez, José Gabriel Lugo, Mauricio Encinoso and the Santa Fe commander Francisco de Paula Vélez. Ignacio Tirado; the engineering officers Lino de Pombo, Antonio José de Sucre, Juan Nepomuceno Vega, José Ignacio Iriarte, José Antonio Martínez, José Gabriel Lugo, Mauricio Encinoso and the Santa Fe commander Francisco de Paula Vélez. Ignacio Tirado; the engineering officers Lino de Pombo, Antonio José de Sucre, Juan Nepomuceno Vega, José Ignacio Iriarte, José Antonio Martínez, José Gabriel Lugo, Mauricio Encinoso and the Santa Fe commander Francisco de Paula Vélez. 1815-09-06 England, Island of Jamaica, Kingston «Letter from Jamaica» . The Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), a refugee in Jamaica from 1815-05-14, wrote his first political letter. The document was presumably addressed to Henry Cullen, a British national residing in Falmouth, near Montego Bay, on the north coast of Jamaica. 1815-09-26 France, Paris The «Holy Alliance» is born . After the final defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) at Waterloo (1815-06-18) and his subsequent definitive abdication to the imperial throne on 1815-06-22, at the request of Tsar Alexander I of Russia (1777-1825; Tsar, 1801-1825) an alliance between Russia, Austria and Prussia is agreed and signed in Paris aimed at trying to stop the advance of liberalism and secularism in Europe by reaffirming the basic underlying principles to the ruling monarchies in the three Kingdoms that made up what was known as "Holy Alliance": divine right of the Kings and attachment to Christian values. The aim of this alliance was to prevent the spread of the secularizing ideas of the Enlightenment and to prevent the spread of the disastrous example of revolutionary France. The original triple alliance was later strengthened with the accession of the United Kingdom of Great Britain (Paris, 1815-11-20) and, a little later, with that of post-revolutionary monarchical France (Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle , Fall 1818). In practice, the Holy Alliance did not achieve greater results and practically disintegrated on the death of its initial promoter, in 1825. 1815-11-11 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Taking of Tierrabomba and failed "distraction" of Cerro de la Popa. After almost three months of siege to Cartagena de Indias, which began in 1815-08-16, the low morale among the besieging troops encouraged desertions. To see to force the situation, Pablo Morillo decided to take control of Tierrabomba to strangle Cartagena even more and ordered Colonel Francisco Tomás Morales in command of 700 to assault it by surprise. To distract the attention of the defenders, he ordered a false attack on Cerro de la Popa which, due to the clumsiness of the captain commander of the party, ended in the unnecessary sacrifice of eight soldiers and two officers, including the commander himself. 1815-12-06 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Cartagena surrenders to Morillo. After 106 days of rigorous siege imposed by General Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) from the end of 1815-08 by land and sea, which led to the death of hunger and disease to some six thousand occupants of the walled port in time that about a thousand more perished as a result of gunfire and bombardment, the Peacemaker enters the city. The besiegers had fared no better, because of fevers and dysentery, an estimated 3,000 of their men perished. There was a time when Morillo was tempted to lift the siege, which Captain General Francisco de Montalvo (1754-1822) and Brigadier Pascual de Enrile (1772-1836) advised against. Not in vain did the Peacemaker say in a proclamation of 1816-01-22 that"... the occupation of impregnable Cartagena is a palpable miracle ..." 1815-12-09 England, Island of Jamaica, Kingston Bolívar saves his life. The Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), a refugee in Jamaica since 1815-05-14, providentially frees himself from the dagger of the black Pío, a young slave in his service, presumably hired by order of the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837). By coincidence Bolívar was absent from his place of residence on the night of the attack, the fatal victim was Captain José Félix Amestoy (1784-1815), a member of his Honor Guard and his companion on the trip from Cartagena de Indias, who had reclined in the Liberator's hammock while waiting for him to receive his instructions with a view to his next trip. 1815-12-18 England, Island of Jamaica, Kingston Bolívar leaves Jamaica. The Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) embarks in Kingston for Haiti to meet there with Luis Brión (1782-1821) and the Venezuelan patriots refugees on the island, who will soon be joined by some of the survivors of the site To Cartagena. In 1815-12-25 Bolívar landed in the San Luis Keys, and on the night of 1815-12-31 he arrived in Puerto Principe. 1816-01-02 Haiti, Port-au-Prince Bolívar in Haiti, is received and assisted by President Petion. Left Kingston, Jamaica, in 1815-12-18 and landed in the San Luis Keys, Haiti, in 1815-12-25, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) arrived in Port-au-Prince on the night of 1815- 12-31. A letter of introduction from Robert Sutherland, an accredited English merchant in Los Cayos, grants Bolívar access to President Alexandre Petión (1770-1818), who initially receives him on 1816-01-02 and grants him other interviews throughout the month as a result of which Bolívar returns to Los Cayos de San Luis provided with orders for Commander Luis Brión (1782-1821) to proceed to deliver weapons and supplies previously acquired by Haiti. Brión, Joined with the Venezuelan patriots from 1810-04-19 and distinguished for his services during the emigration from Caracas in 1814, he was appointed head of the naval fleet that, planned by Bolívar and Brión, was preparing to continue to Costa Firme. Designation that displeased the French privateer Luis Aury (1788-1821) who aspired to it, without merits to obtain it and under the animosity of the patriot chiefs for the cruelty of their behavior with the survivors of the siege of Cartagena de Indias rescued in their ships. 1816-02-07 Haiti, San Luis Keys Patriot assembly in exile. In order to organize the expedition planned by the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) with the help of President Alexandre Petión (1770-1818) and the collaboration of Luis Brión (1782-1821), he meets in Los Cayos de San Luis an assembly of the most notable emigrants present at the site, among them Santiago Mariño, Mariano Montilla, José Francisco Bermúdez, Manuel Carlos Piar, Florencio Palacios, Bartolomé Salom, Gregor MacGregor, Luis Brión, Luis Aury, Gabriel and Juan Antonio Piñeres, Francisco Antonio Zea, Carlos Soublette, Pedro Briceño Méndez, Henry Ducoudray-Holstein, José Antonio Anzoátegui, Penitentiary Canon Juan Marimón, Pedro León Torres, Miguel Borrás, Francisco Alcántara, Francisco de Paula Vélez, Justo Briceño Otálora, José Antonio Lecuna, Bernardo Sehmu, Mauricio Encinoso, Miguel Martínez, Carlos Eloy Demarquet, Francisco and Judas Tadeo Piñango, Ambrosio and Mariano Plaza, José Gabriel Pérez, Juan de Dios Morales, Estanislao Ribas, José María Landaeta, Pedro Chipia, José Gabriel Lugo, Teodoro Figueredo, Rafael Jugo, Fernando Galindo, Ramón Segura, Francisco Montes, Toribio Silva, and others. By a majority of votes - with just four dissent, among them the most notable of which was José Francisco Bermúdez - General Bolívar's supreme leadership was proclaimed and it was agreed to begin preparations for the expedition proposed by him. 1816-02-22 New Kingdom of Granada, Ocaña Patriot disaster in Cachirí. After an action of war that began the day before and remained unfinished due to the darkness of the night, the royalist Colonel Sebastián de La Calzada defeats the patriotic forces commanded by Custodio García Rovira (who had replaced Rafael Urdaneta after his poor performance in Chitagá and Bálaga in 1815-10) in the Páramo de Cachirí, near Ocaña. García Rovira and Francisco de Paula Santander managed to withdraw to El Socorro while Calzada occupied Girón and from there dominated the Provinces of Pamplona and El Socorro. The defeat cleared the road to Calzada as far as Santafé, then defended by a small garrison equipped with few weapons. In tragic coincidence, 1816-02-24 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Execution of leaders in the recovered Cartagena de Indias. Chastened by the tragic experience of Isla Margarita, where his indulgence towards the rebel leader Juan Bautista Arismendi (1775-1841) did not get him back for the monarchical cause, the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) proceeded without delay and without compassion against the rebel chiefs in Cartagena de Indias. At the end of the respective war councils, there were twenty-two death sentences that were executed between the surrender in 1815-12-06 and 1816-02-16 (as recorded in relation to the Peacemaker on that date), in addition to those that fell on others nine most famous characters, who are remembered as the "Martyrs of Cartagena", executed on 1816-02-24: Brigadier Manuel del Castillo y Rada (n 1781, Cartagena de Indias), lawyer José María García de Toledo y Madariaga (n 1769-02-11, Cartagena de Indias), lawyer Antonio José de Ayos and Neconalde (n 1767, Cartagena de Indias), lawyer Manuel José Diaz Granados y Núñez Dávila (n 1772-09-30, Santa Marta), Brigadier of Engineers Manuel de Anguiano and Belorado (n?, Spain), officer Pantaleón de Germán Ribón y Segura (b 1774-07-08, Mompox), officer Martin José de Amador y Rodríguez (b 1778, Cartagena de Indias), officer James Stuart (b?, Ireland), and merchant José María Portocarrero y Lozano (b 1782 -09-19, Santafé). On the same day of the executions, and without waiting to witness them, Morillo accompanied by his deputy, Brigadier Pascual de Enrile (1772-1836) began the march towards Santafé. 1816-03-03 Spain, Cádiz Nariño, prisoner in Cádiz. Coming from Lima, embarked since 1815-11-04 and after a long journey around Cape Horn, the President of Cundinamarca Antonio Nariño arrives in Cadiz. He was immediately confined to the Public Prison, where he remained for the next four years. There he was a companion in captivity of his old friend and countryman from Santa Fe, Canon Fernando Caicedo y Flórez (1756-1832). He was released on 1820-03-23. 1816-03-12 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Resignation of Camilo Torres; Fernández Madrid, new President. After the disaster of the Páramo de Cachirí (1816-02-22), President Camilo Torres (1766-1816) appointed Emmanuel Roergas de Serviez (1785-1816), a French officer at the service of the republican arms since 1813, as General in Chief of the troops of the Republic, with Colonel Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) as second in command; and, on 1816-03-12, he resigned from the First Magistracy with immediate effect. The young doctor from Cartagena, José Fernández Madrid (1789-1830), then 27 years old, was appointed in his replacement (1816-03-14) and endowed with dictatorial powers despite his own reservations about not considering himself the right person for serious circumstances. Serviez went to receive the diminished troops of Custodio García Rovira (1780-1816), stationed in Puente Nacional, with instructions for the one to appear in Santafé. Meanwhile, the peacekeeping army was advancing towards the capital and President Fernández Madrid had decided to withdraw towards the south in order to organize a counteroffensive or, if that was not possible, to escape through Buenaventura to Río de la Plata from where he would try to organize the continuation of the fight for freedom. Serviez was ordered to mobilize the troops accordingly and, anticipating their disobedience, Santander as second in command was authorized to assume leadership in the eventuality. Both of them disrespected the presidential order, opting to retreat to the Llanos de Casanare where they expected to find General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845) with the remains of his army defeated in Chitagá. Meanwhile, the peacekeeping army was advancing towards the capital and President Fernández Madrid had decided to withdraw towards the south in order to organize a counteroffensive or, if that was not possible, to escape through Buenaventura to Río de la Plata from where he would try to organize the continuation of the fight for freedom. Serviez was ordered to mobilize the troops accordingly and, anticipating their disobedience, Santander as second in command was authorized to assume leadership in the eventuality. Both of them disrespected the presidential order, opting to retreat to the Llanos de Casanare where they expected to find General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845) with the remains of his army defeated in Chitagá. Meanwhile, the peacekeeping army was advancing towards the capital and President Fernández Madrid had decided to withdraw towards the south in order to organize a counteroffensive or, if that was not possible, to escape through Buenaventura to Río de la Plata from where he would try to organize the continuation of the fight for freedom. Serviez was ordered to mobilize the troops accordingly and, anticipating their disobedience, Santander as second in command was authorized to assume leadership in the eventuality. Both of them disrespected the presidential order, opting to retreat to the Llanos de Casanare where they expected to find General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845) with the remains of his army defeated in Chitagá. The peacekeeping army was advancing towards the capital and President Fernández Madrid had decided to withdraw to the south in order to organize a counteroffensive or, if that was not possible, escape through Buenaventura to Río de la Plata from where he would try to organize the continuation of the fight for freedom. Serviez was ordered to mobilize the troops accordingly and, anticipating their disobedience, Santander as second in command was authorized to assume leadership in the eventuality. Both of them disrespected the presidential order, opting to retreat to the Llanos de Casanare where they expected to find General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845) with the remains of his army defeated in Chitagá. The peacekeeping army was advancing towards the capital and President Fernández Madrid had decided to withdraw to the south in order to organize a counteroffensive or, if that was not possible, escape through Buenaventura to Río de la Plata from where he would try to organize the continuation of the fight for freedom. Serviez was ordered to mobilize the troops accordingly and, anticipating their disobedience, Santander as second in command was authorized to assume leadership in the eventuality. Both of them disrespected the presidential order, opting to retreat to the Llanos de Casanare where they expected to find General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845) with the remains of his army defeated in Chitagá. escape through Buenaventura bound for Río de la Plata from where he would try to organize the continuation of the fight for freedom. Serviez was ordered to mobilize the troops accordingly and, anticipating their disobedience, Santander as second in command was authorized to assume leadership in the eventuality. Both of them disrespected the presidential order, opting to retreat to the Llanos de Casanare where they expected to find General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845) with the remains of his army defeated in Chitagá. escape through Buenaventura bound for Río de la Plata from where he would try to organize the continuation of the fight for freedom. Serviez was ordered to mobilize the troops accordingly and, anticipating their disobedience, Santander as second in command was authorized to assume leadership in the eventuality. Both of them disrespected the presidential order, opting to retreat to the Llanos de Casanare where they expected to find General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845) with the remains of his army defeated in Chitagá. 1816-03-25 Spain, Cádiz Miranda's stroke frustrates escape project. In his prison in Cádiz, around eleven o'clock on the night of 1816-03-25 Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816) suffered a stroke that puts him on the brink of death. Three days after his 66th birthday (n 1750-03-28, Caracas) a long agony begins for the Precursor that will end on 1816-07-14. From an enigmatic letter to his old friend Nicholas Vansittart (1766-1851) it is presumed that the accident thwarted his plans to escape from the prison of "La Carraca", from where he planned to go to Gibraltar or Portugal. Miranda remained a prisoner from 1812-07-31, when he was preparing to leave Venezuela back to England. He toured presidios in La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Puerto Rico and finally Cádiz, where he arrived in the last days of 1813 or the first days of 1814. 1816-03-31 Haiti, Cayos de San Luis Beginning of the First Expedition of the Cayos de San Luis. Departure from the San Luis Keys, via Isla Beata (currently in the Dominican Republic), Isla de Vieques (currently in Puerto Rico), Isla de Saba (currently one of the Netherlands Antilles), the expedition heads to Isla Margarita, waging on the eve of his arrival the naval combat of Los Frailes (1816-05-02), from which Commander Luis Brión's squadron emerged victorious and captured the Spanish brig "Intrépido" and the schooner "Rita" . As a reward for his performance, Bolívar awarded Brión the promotion to Almirante de la República and Renato Beluche, French-American captain of the schooner «Capitana», to captain of the ship. The expedition landed in Juan Griego (Isla Margarita) on 1816-05-03. 1816-04-21 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Dissolution of the Congress of Nueva Granada. Before the imminent arrival of the undefeated forces of the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo to the viceregal capital without President José Fernández Madrid (1789-1830), in whom Camilo Torres resigned from office on 1816-03-12, managing to impose his decision to withdraw the precarious forces of the defense army to Popayán on the opinion of the Commander General Emmanuel de Serviez who preferred to do it in the direction of the Llanos de Casanare, the Congress of Nueva Granada is dissolved and the deputies are dispersed in all directions to see to escape to revenge of the new conquerors. At the last minute it is decided that each one will proceed according to their wish. Fernández Madrid marches south with 360 men of his immediate guard, 1816-04-28 Spain, Madrid Reinstated the Viceroyalty in New Granada. Royal Order of Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) reinstates the Viceroyalty in New Granada, suspended since the events of 1810-07-20. Captain General Francisco Montalvo (1754-1822; in command from 1813-06-02) acceded, consequently, to the hierarchy of Viceroy. 1816-04-30 New Kingdom of Granada, Honda Capture of Antonio Villavicencio. The Spanish colonel Donato Santacruz, dispatched from Cartagena by the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837), seized the Villa de Honda barracks and the person of the Provincial Governor of Mariquita, General Antonio Villavicencio (1775-1816). The famous Regio Commissioner of 1810, who since then served the cause of freedom, was the first victim of the Terror in Santafé (1816-06-06). 1816-05-03 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Fernández Madrid leaves Santafé. President José Fernández Madrid (1789-1830; urgently taken over in 1816-03-14 after the resignation of Camilo Torres) leaves the capital on his way south in the company of the members of the executive cabinet and some troops that made up his Honor Guard . Meanwhile, the division of the Spanish army under the command of Colonel Miguel de La Torre (1786-1843) who, under the order of the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837), had been advancing towards the capital had reached Zipaquirá. The patriotic chiefs Emmanuel Serviez and Francisco de Paula Santander entered the capital on 1816-05-04 on their way to Caqueza, disregarding the instructions to accompany the President in his retreat to the south. While passing through the capital, they lose half of their troops due to desertion, so that in their retreat they barely carry about eight hundred infantrymen and a hundred horsemen. The next day the Spanish occupied the capital. 1816-05-06 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé outpost of Morillo in Santafé. The advance of the army of the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) composed of about three thousand men under the command of Brigadier Miguel de La Torre (1786-1843), seconded by Colonel Sebastián de La Calzada and Sergeant Major Carlos Tolrá, enters Santa Fe. Received in jubilation by the citizens of the capital, the commander offered ample pardon to those engaged in seditious activities. The patriot army under the command of General Emmanuel de Serviez, who was camping in Tunjuelo, from where most of the soldiers deserted, leaving the force reduced, had left in the morning for Chipaque, from where it continued on 1816-05-07 to Caqueza. La Torre detached a contingent under the command of Captain Antonio Gómez in pursuit. 1816-05-06 Venezuela, Isla Margarita, Villa del Norte Bolívar, ratified in supreme command; offers to end the war to the death. Three days after the landing (Juan Griego, 1816-05-03) of the expedition embarked in Los Cayos de San Luis (Haiti) on 1816-03-31, a Junta headed by General Juan Bautista Arismendi (1775-1841), Patriot commander in Isla Margarita, ratifies in his headquarters in Villa del Norte the supreme leadership and the special powers conferred on Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) in Los Cayos de San Luis exactly three months ago (1816-02-07). Santiago Mariño (1788-1854) was proclaimed second in command, and Arismendi elevated to the rank of General in Chief of the Army of the Republic. In a proclamation the next day, the Liberator offered to end the war to the death,"... Spaniards who live in Venezuela: The war to the death will cease if you cease it; if not, we will take a just retaliation and you will be exterminated." In 1816-05-25, the expeditionary forces passed to Carúpano, where they anchored on 1816-05-31 to disembark the next day. 1816-05-26 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Morillo in Santafé. On 1816-05-26 the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) entered Santafé, coming from Cartagena. He went to his place of residence, refusing to attend the reception that had been prepared for him, arguing that "... a Spanish general cannot associate himself with the happiness, feigned or real, of a capital in whose streets he feared that my horse would slip on the still fresh blood from the SM soldiers that recently fell on it under the impulse of the treacherous lead of the insurgents hiding in your houses ... " He reprimanded Brigadier Miguel de La Torre (1786-1843) for having decreed a broad amnesty and having accepted gifts and dances offered by the inhabitants of the capital. He installed a Permanent Council of War, charged with judging the patriots as rebels and traitors to the King; It also established a Council of Purification, to judge those who directly or indirectly had participated in politics without becoming worthy of capital punishment; and instituted a Board of Kidnappings, for the seizure and disposition of patriots property. 1816-06-01 Venezuela, Carúpano Bolívar in Carúpano. The expedition of the San Luis Keys that left Juan Griego, Isla Margarita, on 1816-05-26, landed in Carúpano after six days of navigation, on 1816-06-01. Led by Santiago Mariño (1788-1854), two groups were formed under the command of Manuel Carlos Piar (1774-1817) and Carlos Soublette (1789-1870) who, after a couple of hours of fighting, managed to take the fort towards Four o'clock. In the bay they captured the brig «Bello Indio» (later called «Indio Libre» ) and the schooner «Fortuna». The Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) highlighted several games to the interior and the coast under the orders of the officers Pedro Briceño, Judas Tadeo Piñango, Bartolomé Salom, and others. Mariño and Piar left in a southeastern direction towards Yaguaraparo, the first destined for Güiría and the second for Maturín. 1816-06-06 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Execution of Antonio Villavicencio. The "Pacification" begins in the interior of New Granada. In 1816-06-06 he was shot in the back after suffering degradation, Brigadier Antonio Villavicencio y Verástegui (1775-1816), a colonel who was of the Royal Army and Royal Commissioner in 1810, died, who had been captured in Honda. He was the first victim of the implacable Peacemaker Morillo (1775-1837). Several well-known patriots will follow him in the days and months to come, including José María Carbonell, Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Emigdio Benitez, Crisanto Valenzuela, Miguel de Pombo, Francisco J. García Hevia, José Gregorio Gutiérrez; Camilo Torres and Manuel Rodríguez Torices (1816-10-05), and Francisco José de Caldas (1816-10-29). The victims of Morillo and his bloody military court called the "Purification Council" were innumerable. The Santafé jail was insufficient, so several buildings were enabled for the purpose. The executions were carried out in various places, mainly in the Plaza Mayor, the Plazuela de San Francisco and the Huerta de Jaime (current National Vote). Many were sent for execution in other municipalities such as Tunja, El Socorro, Mariquita, Neiva, etc. Others were tried and executed at the place of their capture, such as José María Cabal (Popayán, 1816-08-19) and Frutos Joaquín Gutiérrez (Pore, Casanare, 1816-10-25). Additionally, the confiscation of all the assets of the sentenced persons determined misery for their families, who, in addition, suffered exile in many cases. About a hundred clergymen were also exiled, 1816-07-01 Venezuela, Carúpano The Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) re-embarks in Carúpano at the head of some seven hundred men to go to Ocumare, between La Guaira and Puerto Cabello, with the idea of taking the Valleys of Aragua and Caracas before the government of the capital could receive reinforcements. They landed in Ocumare on 1816-07-06. 1816-07-06 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Execution of Jorge Tadeo Lozano. In Santafé, in the midst of General Pablo Morillo's peace process, Jorge Tadeo Lozano y Manrique (n 1771-01-30), youngest son of the Marquis of San Jorge, Jorge Miguel Lozano y Peralta (1731-1793), was shot dead. A prominent Creole scientist, Jorge Tadeo had belonged to the Botanical Expedition of José Celestino Mutis (1732-1808), who entrusted him with the Directorate of the Zoology Section. He was the first President of Cundinamarca, a high position that he could hardly hold between 1811-02-05 and 1811-09-19. 1816-07-06 Venezuela, Ocumare de la Costa Bolívar in Ocumare. Re-embarked in Carúpano in 1816-07-01, at the head of some seven hundred men to go to Ocumare de la Costa, between La Guaira and Puerto Cabello, with the idea of taking the Valleys of Aragua and Caracas before the government of the capital could receive reinforcements, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) landed in Ocumare at noon on 1816-07-06. Taking the population, Carlos Soublette (1789-1870) left at around nine o'clock at night, commanding some six hundred soldiers, with an order to go up the mountain range that separates the port from the Valles de Aragua and the Lake of Valencia to seize that region two days away. Bolívar remained on the coast with the hundred remaining men, accompanied by José Antonio Anzoátegui (1789-1819), Judas Tadeo Piñango (1789-1848) and Gregor MacGregor (1786-1845). pending the outcome of the invasion. The corsair ships that carried them, with the exception of the brig"Indio Libre" , they set sail after unloading arms and ammunition on the beach to ship, instead, fruits of the region to trade in the Caribbean while the occasion came to assault the Spanish on the high seas who for fear of the patriot invasion left Caracas to seek refuge in Curaçao. On the same day of the disembarkation in Ocumare and to fulfill the promise to the Haitian President Alexandre Petión (1770-1818), Bolívar decreed the freedom of the slaves: "... From now on there will be only one class of men in Venezuela: all will be citizens. " Soublette occupied Maracay, on the shores of Lake Valencia, in 1816-07-07 but fearful, when he learned that the royalist chief Francisco Tomás Morales (1781-1845) had arrived in Valencia from New Granada commanding seven thousand men (when in reality they did not exceed three hundred), in 1816-07-09 he left Maracay to approach the mountainous area again in case it were necessary to return to Ocumare. In 1816-07-14, with not much superior forces, Morales defeated the patriots (Bolívar had joined Soublette on 1816-07-13) at Cerro de Los Aguacates. 1816-07-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Installation of the Royal Court in Cartagena. Consequent to the Royal Order of 1816-04-28 by which Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) reinstates the Viceroyalty in the General Captaincy of New Granada, with Francisco Montalvo (1754-1822) as Viceroy, The Royal Audience composed of the Oidores Juan Jurado y Rojas (1757-1818) and Francisco de Mosquera y Cabrera (1771-1827) was installed in Cartagena de Indias. Jurado, who had had a leading part in the events of 1810-07-20 in Santafé as advisor to Viceroy Amar, now influenced Viceroy Montalvo and other authorities in favor of the patriots of Cartagena. 1816-07-14 Spain, Cádiz Francisco de Miranda dies. In the prison of La Carraca, Cádiz, the Precursor Francisco de Miranda dies (n 1750-03-28, Caracas), who has been prostrate since a stroke in 1816-03-25 left him on the brink of death ( frustrating in passing, apparently, his plans for an imminent escape). Miranda had been in different prisons since 1812-07-31, when in the port of La Guaira and after capitulating to the royalist commander Domingo Monteverde (1773-1832), he was preparing to leave Venezuela to return to England. He toured presidios in La Guaira, Puerto Cabello, Puerto Rico and finally Cádiz, where he arrived in the last days of 1813 or the first days of 1814. He was born on 1750-03-28, in Caracas. 1816-07-14 Venezuela, Ocumare de la Costa Patriot defeat in the Cerro de Los Aguacates. Defeated early in the morning on 1816-07-14 and harassed by the royalist chief Francisco Tomás Morales (1781-1845) in the mountainous area between Ocumare de la Costa and the Valles de Aragua, the patriots had to flee, leaving part of their park on the beach. Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) ordered the withdrawal of the troops heading east to the nearby port of Choroní, from where some six hundred men under the command of Gregor MacGregor (1786-1845) and Carlos Soublette (1789-1870) left at dawn in 1816-07-15 to then go up the mountain range in 1816-07-17 and go south seeking to reach the Llanos. Bolívar, in the meantime and in the midst of very confusing circumstances, sent as much as possible from the park abandoned by the patriots on the beach, in the brig «Indio Libre» and two merchant schooners anchored in the port, and he also embarked to go to Bonaire, where Admiral Luis Brión found him on 1816-07-16 and managed to get the schooners to return the supplies that they drove. In 1816-07-17 Bolívar went to Choroní, which he found occupied by the royalists, and knowing that his army had managed to enter Venezuela, he returned to Bonaire on 1816-07-23 to board the brig on 1816-07-29.«Indio Libre» in the direction of Güiría, on the southern coast of the Paria Peninsula, where he arrived on 1816-08-16. 1816-08-16 Venezuela, Güiría Bolívar, in Güiría. Informed of the failure of the adventure of the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) in Ocumare de la Costa, the patriotic chiefs Santiago Mariño (1788-1854) and José Francisco Bermúdez (1782-1831) received him badly upon his arrival in the Peninsula of Pariah. They encouraged a riot against him to the point that, on 1816-08-22, Bolívar was forced to draw his sword in defense of his life in the face of an angry mob and Bermúdez even pulled his to prevent him from being saved . There was no other recourse to the Liberator than to jump into an arrow that led him safely back to the brig «Indio Libre», anchored a short distance away. Banished by his own companions, he chose to return to the Haitian port of Jacmel, where he entered in bad weather on 1816-09-03. The following day he wrote to President Alexandre Petión (1770-1818) to give an account of the failure of the campaign. On 1816-09-07 he received from Petión a friendly reply with an invitation to Port-au-Prince to discuss the organization of a new expedition. 1816-10-05 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Execution of Camilo Torres and Manuel Rodríguez Torices. In the Plaza Mayor de Santafé (today Plaza de Bolívar) the patriots Camilo Torres and Tenorio (n 1766-11-22, Popayán) and Manuel Rodríguez Torices (n 1788-05-24, Cartagena de Indias) were shot and then hanged. Later they were beheaded and their heads exposed in cages placed on the south side of the current Parque del Centenario (Torres) and near the also current Estación de la Sabana (Rodríguez). In 1816-10-14 his burial was allowed in favor of the birthday of the Spanish monarch. Torres y Rodríguez together with Francisco José de Caldas (1768-1816), Francisco Antonio de Ulloa (1783-1816), José María Dávila Saldaña (1780-1816) and others, had tried to escape to the south of the country to board at Buenaventura a ship of the Irish commander William Brown (1777-1857), but he did not wait for them, so they were taken prisoner near Popayán. Caldas and Ulloa were executed in Bogotá, on 1810-10-29. With Torres and Rodríguez, his companions José María Dávila Saldaña (1780-1816) and Pedro Felipe de Valencia y Codallos (1767-1816), II Count of Casa Valencia, suffered the last pain. 1816-10-29 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Execution of Francisco José de Caldas. The wise patriot Francisco José de Caldas (n 1768-10-04, Popayán) was put to death in the San Francisco square (present-day Santander Park). His representation to Brigadier Pascual de Enrile (1772-1836), in which he implored that he be allowed to conclude some ongoing investigations, was not heeded. His body was buried in the immediate church of La Veracruz, from where his remains were taken to Popayán in 1904. There is a tradition that when he left for the scaffold from the Colegio del Rosario, Caldas traced a sign on a wall with a piece of coal , interpretable as a painful farewell in code: "Oh long and black game!". Caldas was accompanied on the scaffold by his companions Francisco Antonio Ulloa, Miguel Montalvo and Miguel Busch. 1816-11-16 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Morillo leaves Santafé. The Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) left the capital of New Granada after a bloody stay of six months (he had entered 1816-05-26). Shortly before Morillo's departure, his second, Brigadier Pascual de Enrile (1772-1836), had returned to Spain. Morillo returns to Venezuela via Sogamoso and Chita to continue through Casanare to Guasdualito. He takes some rebels with him to be judged along the way. In Santafé, he leaves General Juan Sámano (1753-1821) in charge of the Military Governor with broad powers, sadly famous for his loyalty to Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) as well as for the cruelty and sadism he demonstrated towards their victims. At the close of 1816, New Granada seemed totally pacified. 1816-11-30 Venezuela, Llanos del Apure Assassinated Serviez. At the end of 1816-11, General Emmanuel Roergas de Serviez (n 1785, Cutry, Meurthe-et-Moselle) was murdered with machetes by four men who attacked him at the El Chorrerón site near Achaguas, where he had retired to do common life with a woman who accompanied and served him. It was said then that the motive would have been robbery, since it was fame that the French officer kept some treasures with him, although it was not ruled out that the ambitious ranger chief José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) had been driven out of jealousy towards his career and possibilities had to do with the murder. At least that is how they believed, among others, the Venezuelan priest José Félix Blanco (1782-1872) who fought for the patriots in the Llanos and the young Granada-born officer José María Córdova (1799-1829). Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) remained with Páez until the end of the year, but at the beginning of 1817, he applied for a passport to continue east of Venezuela to join General Manuel Carlos Piar (1774-1817) in the Province of Guayana. Córdova did not obtain his passport; When trying to escape, he was arrested and submitted to the Council of War, being sentenced to death; but his extreme youth and the intercession of some officers obtained from Páez the pardon and the reincorporation of Córdova to the llanero army. 1816-12-18 Haiti, Jacmel Start of the Second Expedition of the San Luis Keys. After the failure of his first expedition to Venezuela (1816-03-31 to 1816-08-16) and his forced return to the starting point (from 1816-09-03) to organize a new expedition, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783- 1830) sailed from the port of Jacmel (1816-12-18) and reached Juan Griego, Isla Margarita (1816-12-28) from where he went without delay to Barcelona (1817-01-01). There he established his Headquarters and planned another Campaign over Caracas after concentration of the forces operating in Apure, Guayana and Oriente. A series of inconveniences induced the Liberator to abandon that plan and instead move to Guyana to take command of operations against the royalists in that southeastern region. 1817-01-01 Venezuela, Barcelona Bolívar disembarks in Barcelona. After the failure of his first expedition to Venezuela undertaken from Los Cayos de Haiti (1816-03-31 to 1816-08-16) and his subsequent forced return to the starting point (from 1816-09-03) to organize a new expedition, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) sailed from the port of Jacmel (1816-12-18) and arrived at Juan Griego, Isla Margarita (1816-12-28) from where he went without delay to Barcelona (1817-01-01) . A few days after his arrival and supported by Juan Bautista Arismendi (1775-1841), who had joined him on Isla Margarita, the Liberator marched in the direction of Caracas in command of some seven hundred men, which included some four hundred new recruits. 1817-01-09 Venezuela, Clarines Defeat patriot in Clarines. A few days after his arrival in Barcelona and supported by Juan Bautista Arismendi (1775-1841), who had joined him on Isla Margarita, the Liberator marched in the direction of Caracas in command of some seven hundred men, which included some four hundred new recruits. In the vicinity of the nearby town of Clarines (about 75 km from Barcelona) the patriots suffered a defeat at the hands of royalist troops commanded by Colonel Francisco Jiménez, who forced them to retreat to seek refuge in Barcelona. Bolívar then proposed to gather a force capable of imposing himself on the Spaniards and for this purpose he commissioned Arismendi to go west in search of José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) to interest him in a joint attack on Caracas, 1817-01-28 Venezuela, Llanos del Apure, Sabana de Mucuritas Battle of Mucuritas. War action between the patriotic forces under the command of José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) and the royalists of the Spanish Miguel de La Torre (1786-1843) seconded by Sebastián de La Calzada (1770-1824). The armed confrontation, which took place between nine in the morning and four in the afternoon, became famous for the resistance of the royalist infantry against fourteen successive charges of the plains horsemen of Páez and the victory favored the patriots. The royalists continued their march in the direction of San Fernando and continued to Angostura. Páez was the owner of the territories between the Apure and Arauca rivers, and was encouraged to invade the Province of Barinas. 1817-02-08 Venezuela, Barcelona The royalists momentarily take Barcelona; Mariño rescues the Liberator. While the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) waited as a refugee in Barcelona for the arrival of other patriotic chiefs, whom he had called to aid after his defeat in the nearby town of Clarines (1817-01-09), those who arrived were the Spanish in number close to four thousand troops. Barcelona surrendered, with the few patriotic defenders entrenched in the Monastery of San Francisco, the news of the imminent arrival of the forces of Santiago Mariño (1788-1854) from nearby Cumaná led the Spanish to vacate the square. The timely arrival of the patriot reinforcement saved Bolívar, as he proclaimed when he greeted General José Francisco Bermúdez (1782-1831) with an effusive embrace."Liberator of the Liberator" . 1817-03-27 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé The Royal Court is reinstated in Santafé. The Royal Audience of Santafé, which had ceased its functions on the historic day 1810-07-20 but had temporarily reinstated in Cartagena from 1816-07-08, returns to the viceregal capital by order of Viceroy Francisco Montalvo (1754-1822; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1816-1818), who stayed in Cartagena awaiting acceptance of his resignation. The Royal Audience was composed of the Oidores Juan Jurado y Rojas (1757-1818) and Francisco de Mosquera y Cabrera (1771-1827). The Royal Seal entered the capital with the ostentatious ceremony of bygone times and was received, as a Royal Person, by the authorities and troops led by General Juan Sámano (1753-1821). 1817-04-02 Venezuela, Villa de El Pao Re-meeting of Santander with Bolívar. While traveling between the Llanos de Apure, with a passport obtained from General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) to go to Guyana to join General Manuel Carlos Piar (1774-1817), Colonel Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) he learned that the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) was back in Venezuela, disembarked in Barcelona in 1816-12-31, and decided to join his army. He found Bolívar in the Villa de El Pao and the Liberator agreed to incorporate him into his General Staff as Adjutant General. 1817-04-11 Venezuela, Orinoco Plains Battle of San Félix. Armed confrontation in the Guayana Campaign, during the Venezuelan war of independence. It occurred in Mesa de Chirica, Guayana Province. The patriotic forces commanded by Curaçao general Manuel Carlos Piar (1774-1817), seconded by officers José Antonio Anzoátegui (1789-1819) and Pedro León Torres (1788-1822) defeated the royalist army under the command of Spanish general Miguel de La Torre. (1786-1843) assisted by Colonel Nicolás María Ceruti, Governor of Guayana, and Lieutenant Colonel Tomás Carmona. As a consequence of the battle, the royalists had numerous dispersed and Colonel Ceruti and 73 officers were captured with many weapons and ammunition, while General La Torre, Commander Carmona, 17 officers and a few soldiers escaped to Angostura under cover of the night. . General Piar took over the Province of Guayana, the future base of operations for the republican armies. Among the patriotic casualties, the deaths of Colonel Pedro Miguel Chipía and Graduate Lieutenant Colonel José María Landaeta were to be lamented. 1817-04-15 Venezuela, Plains of the Orinoco Santander and Córdova join Bolívar. At the time that, having obtained passports from José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) from the beginning of 1817, Colonel Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) accompanied by Venezuelan Colonel Manuel Manrique (1793-1823) was heading from Apure to Guyana in search of From General Manuel Carlos Piar (1774-1817) he learned of the return of the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) to Venezuelan lands, and decided to introduce himself rather to him. Although the meeting was not particularly affectionate, at least in Santander's memories, the Venezuelan Supreme Chief agreed to add the Granada official to his staff as an adjutant general. Santander knew how to win the appreciation of his superior and in 1817-09-24 he was appointed deputy chief of the same staff. While he was in Boca del Pao, on the banks of the Orinoco, Bolívar learned of the fall of Barcelona into Spanish hands (1817-04-07). Towards the end of the month, the young lieutenant José María Córdova (1799-1829), finally obtained the passport of Páez, also joined Bolívar on the banks of the Orinoco. 1817-07-17 Venezuela, Guayana Old Surrender of the port of Angostura (today Ciudad Bolívar). Unable to withstand the long siege of the patriots any longer, the royalist forces fled from Angostura, on the banks of the Orinoco, under the command of General Miguel de La Torre (1786-1843) together with the civil and ecclesiastical authorities seek refuge in Guayana Antigua , located further east on the same river. The next day, General José Francisco Bérmudez (1782-1831) who commanded the siege under the orders of the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) occupied the square. Little by little, the patriots increased the pressure on neighboring Guayana Antigua, which was soon forced to surrender (1817-08-02). 1817-09-24 Venezuela, Angostura Organization of the Liberation Army. For the better organization and direction of the armies that fight against the Spanish power in Venezuela, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) has the creation of a General Staff, with a general of division or brigade as chief and with a colonel as chief. deputy chief, who will also have eight general aides (four colonels and four lieutenant colonels) and four deputies (captains). Carlos Soublette (1789-1870) was appointed General in Chief, with Colonel Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) as Deputy Chief. In each division of the army there would be a divisional General Staff, whose posts would be provided by the general assistants of the General Staff. These would have two or more attachments that would come out of the bodies of the same Division. 1817-10-16 Venezuela, Angostura Execution of Piar. General Manuel Carlos Piar (n 1774-04-28, Curaçao), hero of San Félix (1817-04-11) and distinguished patriot chief, found guilty of sedition charges by a military court set up by order of the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) and chaired by Admiral Luis Brión (1782-1821), he was executed in front of the troops at five in the afternoon, 1817-10-16. Based on the order issued by the Liberator on 1817-07-23, Piar had been captured near Maturín on 1817-09-27 and sent to Angostura. At the time of his execution, Piar was thirty-five years old and bravely faced the sentence, refusing the blindfold and shouting "Long live the homeland!", with the same serenity with which he commanded his troops in battle. The young lieutenant Jose María Córdova (1799-1829), along with other officers, witnessed the scene. 1817-11-10 Venezuela, Angostura Solemn installation of the Council of State for Venezuela. Established by decision of the assembly meeting in Angostura (1817-10-30). The Venezuelan Admiral Luis Brión (1782-1821) presides, with the Vice-presidency of Francisco Antonio Zea (1766-1822) from Granada. The Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), as Supreme Chief, reports on the state of the nation. 1817-11-14 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Execution of «La Pola» . The government management of Juan Sámano (1753-1821), representative of the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) since his departure from Santafé a year ago (1816-11-16), is associated with the sacrifice of Policarpa Salavarrieta (n 1795, Guaduas ) and other patriots - among whom was her fiancé Alejo Sabaraín - accused of conspiring against the regime and in favor of the rebels gathered in the Eastern Plains. Vicente and Ambrosio Almeyda, young Cucuteño patriots, escaped from prison and a certain death with the help of the sergeant who was guarding them. They hid in the vicinity of Machetá and managed to form a guerrilla threat against Santafé. Carlos Tolrá subdued the insurgents. 1817-12-02 Venezuela, Murianga, Hato La Hogaza Battle of La Hogaza. War action favorable to the royalists between the forces of Miguel de La Torre (1786-1846) --second by Colonel Pedro González Villa, who died in action - and the patriotic army of Pedro Zaraza (1783-1825). Among the patriotic victims, who exceeded a thousand, was the assistant to the General Staff Guillermo Palacios Bolívar, son of Dionisio Palacios Blanco (died in Maturín, 1814) and Juana Bolívar Palacios, and therefore nephew of the Liberator. 1818-03-09 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Viceroy Sámano takes office. The resignation of Viceroy Francisco José de Montalvo y Ambulodi (1754-1822; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1816-1818), separated from command in Cartagena from 1818-02, finally accepted, Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813 -1833) designates the Military Governor in Santafé, Field Marshal of the Royal Armies, Juan de Sámano y Uribarri (1753-1821; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1818-1819), as successor. Old, lacking energy, dominated by his subordinates, cruel and detested by the public, he was far from being the man for the circumstances of the moment. Aware of this, the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) sent the young Colonel José María Barreiro y Villoslada (Cádiz, 1793-Santafé, 1819) to assume command of the Third Division of the Expeditionary Army stationed in Santafé (1818-08 ). 1818-03-16 Venezuela, Llanos del Centro, Villa de Cura Third Battle of La Puerta. Military action, favorable to the royalists, which took place in the La Puerta ravine near the Semen river and San Juan de los Morros (present-day Guárico Department), some two leagues from the Villa de Cura de Aragua. He faced troops of the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), who crossed the Llanos of Central Venezuela with the purpose of taking the city of Caracas, against realistic forces of the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837). At the price of a serious injury that could have been fatal, Morillo managed to overcome with this victory the last patriot effort in his Campaign of the Center. The important triumph earned Morillo the title of Marqués de La Puerta , to add to that ofCount of Cartagena obtained after the taking of the walled port in 1815-12. 1818-04-17 Venezuela, Ortiz Attack against Bolívar in 'Rincón de los Toros'. In the early morning of 1818-04-17, in the vicinity of San José de Tiznados (current parish of the Municipality of Ortiz, Guárico State), there was a surprise attack by a small royalist detachment led by the Spanish captain Tomás Renovales (1787-d1835) at the site where the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) rested in his hammock surrounded by several officials from his environment. Providentially, Bolívar was unharmed and managed to save himself with the help of the plainsman patriot captain Leonardo Infante (1785-1825). In the military action that was unleashed next against the forces of the royalist Colonel Rafael López, who perished in combat, the patriotic officers Mateo Salcedo, Fernando Galindo (defender who had been General Manuel Carlos Piar during his trial in Angostura, in 1817-10), Silvestre Palacios, Mariano Plaza, in addition to some seven hundred soldiers. After the defeat, Bolívar went to the town of Calabozo to then continue to San Fernando de Apure, to meet the forces of the Llanero general José Antonio Páez (1790-1873). 1818-05-06 Venezuela, San Carlos Battle of Cojedes. Royalist forces under the command of Sebastián de La Calzada (1770-1824), defeated the patriotic army of José Antonio Páez (1790-1873), which fell back to the Apure after its defeat. 1818-06-05 Venezuela, Angostura Bolívar returns to Angostura. Affected in spirit and health by the unfortunate campaign in the Llanos del Apure, the Liberator Simón Bolívar returns to Angostura, coming from the coastal port of San Fernando de Apure from where he had embarked on 1818-05-24. 1818-08-12 Venezuela, Angostura Santander, promoted to Brigadier. The Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), Supreme Chief of the Republic and Captain General of the armies of Venezuela and New Granada, in view of his merits and services, grants promotion to Brigadier to Colonel Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840). He was appointed Governor and General Commander of the Province of Casanare, with the task of enlisting the Vanguard Division of the Liberation Army of New Granada, and for this purpose he delivered a thousand rifles, ammunition and clothing. The appointment implied assuming the supreme military command in the Province of Casanare with a view to restoring the order altered by the erratic actions of guerrillas under the command of Juan Galea, Antonio Arredondo (? -1819) and Ramón Nonato Pérez (c1776-1819) ; gather and organize dispersed forces; and prepare the operation on New Granada. The proof of confidence of the Liberator in Santander's capabilities was accompanied by communications to General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873), Chief of the Llanos del Apure, and to Colonel Justo Briceño (1792-1868), Military Chief of Casanare, who same as a proclamation to the people of New Granada where he offers that"... the sun will not complete the course of its current period without seeing altars of freedom throughout your territory." 1818-10-24 Venezuela, Angostura Call for the General Congress of the Republic in Angostura. The Liberator issues the regulations for the convocation of the General Congress of the Republic. The elections for deputies have been called two days before. 1819-01-20 Italy, Rome Carlos IV dies in exile. Carlos IV (1748-1819; King of Spain, 1788-1808), son of Carlos III (1716-1788; King of Spain, 1759-1788) and María Amelia de Sajonia, born 1748-11-11, dies. He acceded to the throne on the death of his father in 1788-12-14. In 1765 he married Maria Luisa de Parma, on whom he depended greatly and with whom he had seven children. He left the government in the hands of Manuel Godoy (1767-1851), the King's favorite Minister and the Queen's lover. In 1807, deceived by Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814), he admitted French troops to his territory on the pretext of invading Portugal to end up prisoner of the French Emperor and forced to abdicate the throne in his favor. Charles IV initially retired to Compiegne where he lived for some time before moving to Rome, where he died. Napoleon passed the Spanish throne to his brother José Bonaparte, who held it until 1813-12. In 1814, Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) was re-installed on his father's throne. 1819-02-15 Venezuela, Angostura Installation of the Congress of Angostura. The Congress is installed, under the Presidency of Francisco Antonio Zea (1766-1822), following the famous Installation Speech of the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) with the proposal to constitute the Republic of Colombia by conjunction of the sovereignty of the two nations (Viceroyalty of New Granada and Captaincy General of Venezuela) committed since 1813 in a common effort for independence. Given the circumstances, Bolívar suggested to Congress to issue a simple Fundamental Law to which the towns of Nueva Granada could voluntarily submit. At the end of the month, the Liberator returned to Apure, arriving at the General Headquarters of José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) on 1819-03-10. 1819-04-02 Venezuela, Llanos del Apure, Guasimal Action of the Queseras del Medio. Also remembered among the actions of the campaign of the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) in the interior of Venezuela during the first third of 1819 as the action of Mata del Herradero, represented one of the most outstanding performances of the llanero chief José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) when, near the town of Guasimal in the Llanos del Apure, followed by one hundred and a half of his best spearmen, he crossed the Arauca River to launch himself surprisingly against more than a thousand cavalry riders of the Spanish forces under the command of Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) who were on the other side of the river. After the initial attack, the patriot spearmen appeared to retreat, thus urging the royalist contenders to pursue them; and, when they were about to be hit, Páez gave the peremptory order of ¡Vuelvan cara! which produced the sudden clash of pursued and pursuers, resulting in a crushing defeat for the royalist cavalry, whose casualties were estimated at four hundred while the lancers of Páez suffered only two victims. In recognition of the feat, Bolívar awarded Páez and colleagues the Order of the Liberators . 1819-05-23 Venezuela, Llanos del Apure The Liberator decides to invade New Granada. In a hut in the village of Setenta, on the banks of the Apure River, informed by Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) about the events of Casanare and yielding to his insistent request so that they take advantage of the opportunity to invade Nueva Granada without delay, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) summons a Board of Officers to present his campaign plan. In the initial version, José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) and José Antonio Anzoátegui (1789-1819) would proceed by way of Cúcuta while Santander would enter through Soatá. Once the plan was approved, Bolívar demanded absolute secrecy and proceeded to communicate it to Páez, Santander and the government in Angostura. The Boyacá Campaign begins. In 1819-05-27 Bolívar left for Guasdualito, 1819-06-12 New Kingdom of Granada, Llanos del Arauca and Casanare Bolívar and Santander meet in Tame. The Division of Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) had two thousand one hundred Venezuelan llaneros; that of Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840), with 1,800 men, included, in addition to llaneros, some indigenous people from the cold land and New Granada exiles due to the pacification. Santander advised the Páramo de Pisba route instead of the Chita route, initially thought by Bolívar - and, as it later became known, considered more likely by the royalist Colonel José María Barreiro (1793-1819). The rugged and deserted Tame-Pore-Nunchía-Morcote-Paya-Pisba-Socha route was shorter and possibly less defended. The Liberator accepted Santander's suggestion; in 1819-06-15 he gave his general instructions and in 1819-06-17 the patriot army was set in motion. 1819-06-27 New Kingdom of Granada, Paya Vanguard of the patriot army triumphs in Paya; Bolívar, hesitant before the difficulties of the march, encouraged to continue. The patriot army, commanded in chief by the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) and made up of almost four thousand men formed in two Divisions - the Vanguard, under the command of Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840); and the Retaguardia, under the command of José Antonio Anzoátegui (1789-1819) plus an artillery battalion under the command of Colonel Bartolomé Salom (1780-1863), arrives in Paya. Almost upon arrival, the Vanguard Division had to face a company of about three hundred royalists under the command of Sergeant Major Juan Figueroa y Ladrón who was defending a fortified pass. The action of the patriot colonels Antonio Arredondo (? -1819) and Juan José Reyes Escobar (1785-1872) left the invading army free. Leaving Morcote, the last town on the Llano, the ascent became increasingly difficult due to the characteristics of the terrain, narrow and steep, and the increasingly intense cold that began to affect horses and troops. The situation reached the point that while they were camping momentarily in the Llano de Miguel, between the small towns of Morcote and Paya, the Liberator thought it appropriate to convene a Board of Officers to decide whether to go ahead or go back to Guasdualito to attempt the incursion by the Valley of Cúcuta. Santander, who returned from nearby Paya to attend the meeting, seemed to persist in the effort, offering to advance alone with its Vanguard Division so that, in case of failure, the Rearguard Division would not be seen. engaged. Faced with the decision shown by Santander, Anzoátegui seconded him to incline Bolívar to give the order to continue the march. The patriot army continued to Socha, where it arrived on 1819-07-03. 1819-07-03 New Kingdom of Granada, Socha The patriot army in the Sogamoso Valley. Overcome difficulties of all kinds to overcome the Páramo de Pisba, the Vanguard Division of the Liberation Army finally reached Socha, a town in Boyacá located 2,700 meters above sea level in the Sogamoso River Valley. The population received the patriots with admiration for the feat they have just accomplished and provided them with food and shelter. In the next two days, the rest of the invasion army arrived at the same place. They all stayed there for three more days, regaining their strength. Meanwhile, the Spanish chief Colonel José María Barreiro (1793-1819), informed of the imminence of the invasion by the fugitives from Paya, launched death threats against those who favored the rebels as he prepared to go out to meet them. The Patriot Vanguard Division, under the command of Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840), he mobilized in 1819-07-08 to the neighboring town of Tasco and seized those of Corrales and Gámeza. Barreiro arrived in Sogamoso on 1819-07-09 and, while moving with the fort of his troops towards Gámeza, he sent a detachment that was defeated at Corrales. 1819-07-11 New Kingdom of Granada, Gámeza Action in Gámeza. First formal meeting between patriots and royalists in the interior of New Granada. Although favorable to the former, Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) was slightly wounded and Antonio Arredondo (? -1819), Colonel Commander of the Cazadores Battalion, as well as officers Loboguerrero and Gómez, as well as nine others, perished in the action. men, having also registered sixty-six wounded. The hero of this battle was Colonel Juan José Reyes Escobar (1785-1872), whom from that day and in recognition of his action the Liberator called Reyes-Patria. Bolívar ordered his troops to approach Tunja by way of Paipa, whose surroundings they reached on 1819-07-25. 1819-07-25 New Kingdom of Granada, Paipa Action in Pantano de Vargas. In the vicinity of the town of Paipa, having crossed the Sogamoso River and while they were advancing with difficulty through the place known as Pantano de Vargas, the patriots were overtaken by the royalist army that, located at the height, had an advantageous position to provoke an encounter. Beginning at noon on 1819-07-25, a close combat was fought, the outcome of which remained undecided for more than six hours. At the last moment, a charge of the royalist cavalry made Bolívar fear disaster, but the reckless action of the Venezuelan llanero colonel Juan José Rondón (1790-1822) at the head of fourteen spear chiefs gave the patriots victory. An eyewitness said he had seen the action lost at five in the afternoon, which was won at six. At nightfall and under a torrential downpour, the royalist Colonel José María Barreiro (1793-1819) retired to Paipa while the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) took refuge in the house of the Hacienda de Vargas, on whose grounds the meeting. After a few days, they approached Tunja by way of the towns of Bonza (1819-08-03), Toca (1819-08-04) and Chivatá (1819-08-05). 1819-08-06 New Kingdom of Granada, Tunja Bolívar in Tunja. Around eleven o'clock in the morning of 1819-08-06, after a night march that surprised the royalist Colonel José María Barreiro (1793-1819) by cutting off his communication with Santafé and Viceroy Juan Sámano (1753-1821; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1818-1821), the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) at the head of his cavalry entered the city of Tunja. The provincial capital received him with joy and the patriot army found weapons and supplies there. Barreiro chose to go ahead in a desperate effort to reestablish communication with the viceregal capital and advanced to the site called Puente de Boyacá, at the exit of Tunja on the road to Santafé. 1819-08-07 New Kingdom of Granada, Tunja Boyaca's battle; liberation of New Granada. On leaving Tunja on the road to the viceregal capital, at the site called Puente de Boyacá, the armies of the royalist colonel José María Barreiro (1793-1819) and the patriotic general Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) faced each other. The action, favorable to the patriots, did not have the proportions of a great military clash but its political consequences were decisive. The fighting started around two in the afternoon and ended after a couple of hours. The royalist dead did not exceed one hundred - among which were counted Lieutenant Colonel Juan de la Cruz Tolrá (brother of Carlos Tolrá) and Captain Juan Salazar - while the wounded reached one hundred and fifty. On the patriot side there were thirteen dead and fifty-three wounded. The main body of the royal army was taken prisoner, headed by Colonels José María Barreiro, Commander, and Francisco Jiménez, second in command; Barreiro's capture was achieved thanks to the timely action of Pedro Pascasio Martínez (1807-1885), a patriotic child-soldier of the region. With this triumph, in whose preparation and execution he played a prominent role, the military performance of the Granada general Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) culminated, who from now on would no longer draw his sword to devote his efforts exclusively to government tasks. 1819-08-09 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Viceroy Samano flees the capital. Around nine o'clock at night on 1819-08-08, Colonel Manuel Martínez de Aparicio and Commissioner Juan Barrada, Spanish officers who had escaped from the meeting at the Boyacá Bridge the day before, informed Viceroy Juan de Sámano y Uribarri (1753- 1821; Viceroy of New Granada, 1818-1819) the defeat of the royal arms. The news took Sámano by surprise, since Pantano de Vargas' action had been presented to him as a realistic triumph from which the defeat of the insurgent Bolívar could soon be expected. In the unexpected circumstances, Sámano barely managed to flee along the Honda road; The extremely unpopular Viceroy knew that nothing good could be expected from his stay in the capital. He instructed the head of the palace guard Antonio del Castillo Jiménez to arrange without delay what was necessary for the departure, obtained funds for the trip from the Casa de Moneda and after hastily scribbling a confused letter to the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) he abandoned the capital in the early hours of 1819-08-09 on the way to Cartagena de Indias. Sámano did not even bother to notify the Oidores or any other authority of his departure, which did not prevent some magistrates from accompanying him in the hasty exodus. Santafé woke up on 1819-08-09 entirely at the mercy of the winner. he obtained funds for the trip from the Casa de Moneda and after hastily scribbling a confused letter to the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) he left the capital in the early hours of 1819-08-09 on his way to Cartagena de Indias. Sámano did not even bother to notify the Oidores or any other authority of his departure, which did not prevent some magistrates from accompanying him in the hasty exodus. Santafé woke up on 1819-08-09 entirely at the mercy of the winner. he obtained funds for the trip from the Casa de Moneda and after hastily scribbling a confused letter to the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) he left the capital in the early hours of 1819-08-09 on his way to Cartagena de Indias. Sámano did not even bother to notify the Oidores or any other authority of his departure, which did not prevent some magistrates from accompanying him in the hasty exodus. Santafé woke up on 1819-08-09 entirely at the mercy of the winner. 1819-08-10 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé The Liberator enters in triumph to Santafé. Liberated New Granada after the patriot triumph in the military action on the Boyacá Bridge (1819-08-07), the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) entered Santafé in triumph. Viceroy Juan de Sámano y Uribarri (1753-1821; Viceroy of Nueva Granada, 1818-1819) had hastily escaped the previous day along the road to Honda. Bolívar ordered General José Antonio Anzoátegui (1789-1819), seconded by Colonel José María Córdova (1799-1829), to go out in pursuit of the Viceroy, at the time that Commander Ambrosio Plaza (1791-1821) would pursue Realist Colonel Sebastián de La Calzada (1770-1824) on the road to Popayán. In Honda, Córdova received orders to try to liberate his native Province of Antioquia, towards which he embarked on 1819-08-20 commanding a small column made up of just a hundred men. The Spanish Colonel Carlos Tolrá (1789-d1859), then Commander General in Antioquia, aware of the royalist defeat in Boyacá and the flight of the Viceroy in the direction of the Atlantic Coast, escaped from Medellín leaving the government in the hands of Faustino Martínez, auditor who had been Pablo Morillo's and who also fled after a few days. Córdova seized the Antioquia capital in 1819-08-31 and appointed José Manuel Restrepo (1781-1863) as Political Governor of the Province. he escaped from Medellín leaving the government in the hands of Faustino Martínez, an auditor who had been Pablo Morillo's and who also fled after a few days. Córdova seized the Antioquia capital in 1819-08-31 and appointed José Manuel Restrepo (1781-1863) as Political Governor of the Province. he escaped from Medellín leaving the government in the hands of Faustino Martínez, an auditor who had been Pablo Morillo's and who also fled after a few days. Córdova seized the Antioquia capital in 1819-08-31 and appointed José Manuel Restrepo (1781-1863) as Political Governor of the Province. 1819-08-21 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Ascent of Anzoátegui and Santander. The Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) promoted the brigadiers José Antonio Anzoátegui (1789-1819) and Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) to division generals. On the same day, he appointed General Santander to exercise the functions of Governor and General Commander of the Province of Cundinamarca. His triumph in Boyacá cleared the way for Bolívar to resume his efforts for the liberation of Venezuela, and his rivals Santiago Mariño (1788-1854) and José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) posed no further obstacles to his supreme authority. 1819-09-11 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Santander, Vice-president of New Granada. The Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), about to leave the capital of New Granada on his way back to Venezuela, appoints General Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) Vice President of the Free Provinces of New Granada, in charge of the Executive Power with the fullness of functions and powers indicated by Congress for the first office of the nation. 1819-09-20 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Bolívar leaves Santafé. Once the most urgent administrative provisions were adopted, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) left for Venezuela. General Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840), whom Bolívar has appointed Vice President of the Free Provinces of Nueva Granada, remains in command in the absence of the President with the fullness of his functions and powers. 1819-10-11 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Execution of Barreiro and other royalist officers imprisoned. In obedience to the surprising unconsulted order of Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) - who upset the Liberator, considering it untimely at least - the execution of royalist colonel José María Barreiro (1793-) was ordered in the Plaza Mayor of Santafé. 1819) along with thirty-seven of his fellow officers imprisoned from action on the Boyacá Bridge. Among those executed were the second commander Colonel Francisco Jiménez, and Lieutenant Colonels Antonio Plá and Antonio Galluso. 1819-11-15 New Kingdom of Granada, Pamplona General José Antonio Anzoátegui (n 1789, Barcelona, Venezuela) dies suddenly in Pamplona as a result of a 'deadly fever'. The Liberator Simón Bolívar received, dismayed, the unfortunate news in Chita four days later, while he was on his way back to Angostura from Santafé. He felt as deeply the death of Anzoátegui as had deplored six years before that of Atanasio Girardot (1781-1813) in the action of Monte Bárbula (1813-09-30). 1819-12-11 Venezuela, Angostura Bolívar in Angostura. The Liberator Simón Bolívar, on his return trip from Santafé, arrives in Angostura. The town welcomes him overjoyed and leads him in triumph to the house of General Manuel Cedeño (1780-1821) in front of the pier and from there to the Government House. 1819-12-17 Venezuela, Angostura Birth of Gran Colombia. The provisional Congress meeting in Angostura since 1819-02-15 approves the union proposal that the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) included in his Installation Speech . Congress passed a Basic Law, approximately in the terms proposed by Bolívar, who in a few articles provided for the union of the territories of the two colonies (including Quito, as an integral part of Nueva Granada) into a single nation that would be divided into the three great Departments of Venezuela, Cundinamarca and Quito, with respective capitals in the cities of Caracas, Bogotá (new name for Santafé) and Quito. Each Department would have a Vice President, in addition to the national President and Vice President. Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), President of Colombia, was appointed; Francisco Antonio Zea (1766-1822), Vice President of Colombia; Juan German Roscio (1763-1821), Vice President of Venezuela; Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840), Vice-president of Cundinamarca (name that replaced the colonial of Nueva Granada); At the moment, Quito's Vice President was not appointed, but it was foreseen that when that region was liberated, it would become part of the union of countries governed by the same Constitution. The Congress of Angostura also ordered the foundation of a city that would serve as the capital of the new Republic with the name of"Ciudad Bolívar" - the Liberator proposed "Las Casas" - which was never carried out. The seat of government was provisionally established in the city of Angostura. Finally, taking into account that the deliberative quorum had been constituted by fifteen Venezuelans and only one from Granada (the botanist Francisco Antonio Zea, deputy for the Province of Casanare, and who, out of deference to the other deputies in attendance, presided over it), it was convened to that from 1821-01-01 a Constituent Congress would meet in Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta, so that in that future opportunity, deputies sent by all the Provinces would ratify, modify or expand the provisional provisions in Angostura. In 1821-07-12 that Constituent Congress ratified the «Fundamental Law» . 1819-12-24 Venezuela, Angostura Bolívar returns to New Granada. Achieved in Angostura, in 1819-12-17, the approval of the 'Fundamental Law' that establishes the union of Venezuela and New Granada, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) leaves the Congress of Angostura in its deliberations to initiate his return to New Granada. Follow the Llanos del Apure. 1820-01-01 Spain, Cádiz «Irrigation Revolution»in Spain. In 1820-01-01, an expeditionary force of about 14,000 men, which was concentrated in Cádiz under the command of Félix María Calleja (1753-1828) - formerly Viceroy of Mexico and now Captain General of Andalusia and Governor of Cádiz-- Waiting for the shipment order to attempt the reconquest of the Río de la Plata, he rose up against Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833). In the small town of Cabezas de San Juan (near Cádiz), Lieutenant Colonel Rafael del Riego y Núñez (1784-1823), commander of the Second Battalion of Asturias, denounced the tyrannical government of Fernando VII to declare himself in absentia, proclaiming the validity of the Constitution of 1812; He was seconded by his immediate superior, also Colonel Antonio Quiroga (1784-1841). The «Irrigation Revolution»It originated other uprisings that ended up turning the expeditionary army that was preparing to start the reconquest of the overseas dominions in the center of the popular revolt against the absolutism of the monarch. Between 1820-01 and 1820-03, other military garrisons joined the uprising throughout the Kingdom, which also obtained the support of other disparate groups: liberals, freemasons, radicals, collaborators of the Napoleonic regime and other sectors hostile to the absolutism of Fernando VII. The only coincidence within the opposition movement was the reestablishment of the Constitution of 1812, so the King had no other way than to give in, and in 1820-03-10 he swore in the Constitution in Madrid. The failure of the projected pacifying expedition to America led to the independence of the Río de la Plata, Chile, New Granada and Venezuela. 1820-01-06 Venezuela, Angostura Congress of Angostura confirms to Bolívar the title of "Liberator . " General Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) was initially acclaimed "Liberator of the Fatherland" in Mérida (1813-05-23) when he entered victoriously at the head of the army of the Union of Granada, at the beginning of the "Admirable Campaign" that restored the republic lost by Francisco de Miranda (1750-1816) when he capitulated (San Mateo, 1812-07-25) to Domingo de Monteverde (1773-1832). Later, after his triumphal entry (1813-08-06) the title was solemnly endorsed by the Municipality of Caracas (1813-10-14) that acclaimed him as "Liberator of Venezuela". Finally, as a pledge of national recognition after the triumph in Boyacá (1819-08-07), the Congress of Angostura decreed (1820-01-06): "... Article 1 °. General Bolívar is decorated with the title of Libertador, that he will use in all government offices and minutes, putting it before that of President, and will keep it as a property of glory in any other destination, and in the very retirement of public business ... " Until the end of In his days, Bolívar appreciated his title of "Liberator" over any other name. 1820-01-29 England, London George III, born 1738-07-04 and King of England since 1760 when he succeeded his grandfather George II (1683-1760; King, 1727-1760), dies. Son of Frederick Louis (1707-1751), Prince of Wales, and Augusta of Saxe-Coburg, he was the first King of the Hannover Dynasty and was more interested in internal affairs than foreign policy. Permissive to traditions and fundamental laws, he was hostile towards party rule and the corruption of the aristocracy without gaining popular support. During his reign, the American colonies (1783) were lost to which the Crown declared war from 1775-04. Due to mental illness, in 1811 his first-born son the future George IV (1762-1830; King, 1820-1830), dissolute and alcoholic, had to take charge of the Regency in 1830-06-25 without leaving a son. 1820-02-16 New Kingdom of Granada, Ocaña Bolívar confirms Sucre promotion to Brigadier. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) confirms to Colonel Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) the promotion to the rank of Brigadier of the Colombian army, which had been conferred on him from 1819-08 by Vice President Francisco Antonio Zea (1766 -1822) in Angostura. 1820-03-10 Spain, Madrid Fernando VII forced to swear the Constitution of 1812. In 1820-01-01 an expeditionary force of about fourteen thousand men concentrated in Cádiz under the command of Félix María Calleja (1753-1828) - formerly Viceroy of Mexico and now Captain General of Andalusia and Governor of Cádiz - awaiting shipment order to attempt the reconquest of the Río de la Plata, incited by colonels Rafael del Riego y Núñez (1784-1823) and Antonio Quiroga (1784-1841) rose up against of Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833). Soon other military garrisons joined the uprising throughout the Kingdom, an uprising that also received the support of other disparate groups: liberals, freemasons, radicals, collaborators of the Napoleonic regime and other sectors hostile to absolutism. The only coincidence within the opposition movement was the reestablishment of the Constitution of 1812. The King had no choice but to give in, and in 1820-03-10 he swore the Constitution in Madrid. On the other hand, the failure of the projected pacifying expedition to America guaranteed the independence of the Río de la Plata, Chile, New Granada and Venezuela, and facilitated the subsequent fall of Peru, the colony still loyal to Spain. 1820-03-23 Spain, Cádiz Nariño free in Cádiz. Prisoner in Pasto since he surrendered (1814-05-14) to Marshal Melchor Aymerich (1754-1836) after failing in his attempt to take over the city, the President of Cundinamarca Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) was sent from the capital provincial after fourteen months (1815-07-15) bound for Quito at the request of President Toribio Montes (1749-1828; President of Quito, 1812-1817). Arrived in Quito, he was sent to Lima, from where he was shipped to Cádiz, where he arrived on 1816-03-03 and was confined in the public jail. The unexpected change in the Spanish situation, as a result of the «Irrigation Revolution»(Cádiz, 1820-01-01) that forced the swearing in of the Constitution of 1812 by Fernando VII (Madrid, 1820-03-10), allowed the release of Nariño who, however, did not remain in Spain due to the imminent risk of be recaptured. In 1820-04-01 he went to the nearby Isla de León to seek refuge in Gibraltar from there. 1820-06-00 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Cartagena de Indias swears the Constitution of 1812; Viceroy Samano refuses. The chain of events that began with the "Irrigation Revolution"in Spain (Cádiz, 1820-01-01) it forced Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) to swear once again to the Constitution of 1812 (Madrid, 1820-03-10). Consequently, the monarch's representatives in the colonies proceeded to do the same. The turn came to Cartagena de Indias in 1820-06, after it was learned that Cuba had just done it. Viceroy Juan Sámano (1753-1821; Viceroy, 1818-1821) refused, arguing that he had not received instructions in this regard from the Court of Madrid, so he preferred to leave command and embark for Jamaica. He then went to Panama, where he was recognized as Viceroy; but his government was short-lived as he died there a few months later (1821-07). 1820-06-00 Cuba, La Habana Cuba swears the Constitution of 1812. The chain of events that began with the "Irrigation Revolution" in Spain (Cádiz, 1820-01-01) forced Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833) to swear once again the Constitution of 1812 (Madrid, 1820-03-10). Consequently, the monarch's representatives in the colonies proceeded to do the same. Cuba's turn came in 1820-06. 1820-06-00 Venezuela, Caracas Morillo swears in the Constitution of 1812. Following orders from the Spanish government, the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) ordered the publication and swearing in of the Constitution of 1812. The new order of things, after the oath of the same imposed on Fernando VII himself (1820-03-10) after the «Irrigation Revolution»(Cádiz, 1820-01-01), left the extraordinary powers that Morillo himself had received from the King for his Pacifying Expedition to Costa Firme without a floor and opened the way to the approaches that he had to initiate, despite himself, with the same rebel leaders who had been fighting, in order to get them to also swear the Constitution and send representatives to Cortes. Such was the origin of the contacts that the Peacemaker initiated with Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) and other leaders of the struggles for independence in Venezuela and which led to the Trujillo Pacts in 1820- 11 and Morillo's return to Spain the following month. 1820-07-06 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta Morillo proposes a cessation of hostilities. As a consequence of the political changes introduced in Spain by the forced oath of the Constitution of 1812 (Madrid, 1820-03-10) by Fernando VII (1784-1833; King of Spain, 1813-1833), the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783 -1830) receives communication from General Miguel de La Torre (1786-1843) on instructions from the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) in which a cessation of hostilities is proposed. Bolívar does not answer for the moment and, instead, retreats to New Granada to raise troops. Between the end of 1820-07 and 1820-09-21, when he returned to San Cristóbal, he visited Ocaña, Mompox, Barranquilla, Turbaco and Plato. 1820-10-09 Ecuador, Guayaquil Declaration of Independence of the Province of Guayaquil. The troops stationed in the port proclaimed the Free Province of Guayaquil and seized the Governor Brigadier Pascual Vivero (1762-1834); his second, Colonel José Elizalde; to the chief gunner Miguel Torres and to the main government officials, whom they refer at the disposal of General José de San Martín (1778-1850) who, upon receipt, frees them and sends them to Viceroy Joaquín de La Pezuela (1761-1830; Viceroy of Peru, 1816-1821) in Lima. The uprising was led by captains Gregorio Escobedo (1795-1836), Miguel de Letamendi (1792-1871), León de Febres Cordero (1797-1872) and Luis Urdaneta (1768-1831), former officers of the Numancia Battalion, and fellow countrymen José Villamil, José Undaburu, Manuel Loro, Manuel Antonio Luzarraga, Leocadio Llona.'Provisional Regulations of the State of Guayaquil' , promulgated in 1820-11-11 and that governed the territory of the colonial Government of Guayaquil between its proclamation of independence in 1820-10-09 and its annexation to Gran Colombia in 1822-07 -13. The higher state power was held by a triumvirate made up of José Joaquín de Olmedo (1780-1847), Dean of Guayaquil and deputy who went before the Spanish Cortes, Rafael Ximena (1789-1830) and Vicente Ramón Roca (1792-1858) . 1820-11-03 Ecuador, Cuenca Declaration of Independence of the Province of Cuenca. The Board of Corporations of the Province of Cuenca declares its absolute independence from Spain. 1820-11-09 Venezuela, Trujillo Discussions on Armistice begin. On 1820-11-09, from his Headquarters in Trujillo, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) delegated to General Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830), seconded by Colonel Pedro Briceño Méndez (c1792-1835) and Lieutenant Colonel José Gabriel Pérez (1790-?), powers to conclude and sign the Armistice requested by the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837). The work was successfully completed on 1820-11-26. 1820-11-26 Venezuela, Trujillo Armistice and Treaty of Regularization of the War between Spain and Colombia. In Trujillo, a population of the Venezuelan Andes, by agreement between the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) and the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) an Armistice is signed for a term of six months and a Treaty of Regularization of the War between Spain and Colombia. The Treaty ends the "War to the Death" decreed by Bolívar in the same city in 1813-06-15. The two supreme military chiefs agree to a personal interview for the following day. 1820-11-27 Venezuela, Trujillo Santa Ana interview. The Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) attended the interview agreed the previous day accompanied only by three of his officers - although he had previously taken the precaution of appointing General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845) in charge of the command, in case of not returning immediately. Bolívar's gesture of confidence urged the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) to leave his escort behind and approach surrounded only by a few officers. The two supreme chiefs spoke cordially and agreed to erect a memorial to their meeting on the site. After the meeting, Bolívar began a slow return to the Colombian capital, passing through Barinas (1820-12-07 to 11), San Cristóbal (1820-12-21 to 22) and Cúcuta (1820-12-24), finally arriving to Bogotá (1821-01-05). 1820-12-03 Venezuela, Caracas Morillo's farewell manifesto. After being admitted by the government in Madrid his repeated request for his return to Spain and on the eve of his return to his homeland, the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) said goodbye to America. 1820-12-25 Venezuela, La Guaira The Peacemaker Pablo Morillo returns to Spain. After a long five-year stay on American soil --he left Cádiz in 1815-02-15, he had arrived in Carúpano on 1815-04-07-- in 1820-12-25 the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) he embarks back to Spain, leaving Marshal Miguel de La Torre (1786-1843) in command. 1821-01-05 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar in Bogotá. At the end of the trip back to the Colombian capital undertaken after the events that concluded with the interview with the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (Santa Ana, 1820-11-27), passing through Barinas (1820-12-07 to 11), San Cristóbal (1820-12-21 to 22) and Cúcuta (1820-12-24), the Liberator-President arrives in Bogotá ready to take advantage of the armistice for the term of six months agreed in Venezuela to see the start of the Campaign to the South of New Kingdom of Granada, from which he awaits the prompt liberation of Quito. He is accompanied on his journey by the young Cumanés general Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830). 1821-01-11 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Sucre, Commander of the Army of the South. The Liberator-President commissions the young Cumanés general Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830), who was accompanied on his return trip from Trujillo to Bogotá, to continue to Popayán to receive, from the hands of General Juan Manuel Valdez (c1780-1845), the command of the Army of the South, which will organize and increase up to four thousand troops to have it ready to begin operations over Quito and Guayaquil at the end of the armistice. 1821-01-21 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Sucre, Commissioner of Colombia and General Commander in Guayaquil. Unable to travel south due to the forthcoming arrival in Venezuela of Spanish Commissioners to discuss peace with the Colombian government, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) appoints General Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) as Commissioner of Colombia and General Commander in Guayaquil. Consequently, Sucre will leave the command of the Army of the South for which he had just been appointed (1821-01-11) to General Pedro León Torres (1788-1822) and will proceed to embark as soon as possible in Buenaventura at the head of a thousand of men bound for Guayaquil. The presidential order could hardly be fulfilled in 1821-04, so Sucre arrived in Guayaquil in the first week of 1821-05. 1821-01-29 Peru, Lima, Hacienda de Aznapuquio «Mutiny of Aznapuquio». Several leaders of the Spanish army in Peru agree to depose Viceroy Joaquín de La Pezuela (1761-1830; Viceroy of Peru, 1816-1821) from supreme command. Lieutenant General José de La Serna (1770-1832) participated in the mutiny; Brigadier José de Canterac (1787-1835); Colonels Jerónimo Valdés (considered by the deposed Viceroy the leader of the mutiny), Agustín de Otermin, Fulgencio de Toro, Ignacio de Landázuri y Guillén, José Ramón Rodil, Pedro José de Zavala and Bravo del Ribero, Juan Loriga; Lieutenant Colonels Antonio Seoane, José García Sócoli, Ramón Bedoya, Ramón García Lemoine; Commanders Valentín Ferraz, Mateo Ramírez, Pedro Martín, Antonio Tur, Andrés García Camba, Francisco Narváez; and Captain Francisco Xavier Ortiz. 1821-02-20 Venezuela, Angostura Nariño in Angostura. After two months and twenty days of sailing from Le Havre, where he embarked in 1820-12-01, Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) arrives in Angostura. He finds there the request of the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) asking to wait for him without leaving the site. As soon as Nariño disembarks in Angostura, he writes to Generals Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) and Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) to inform them of his arrival and his willingness to help as required. 1821-03-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta Juan Germán Roscio Nieves (1763-1821), Vice President of Venezuela and interim of the New Kingdom of Granada, died, who had been commissioned by Bolívar to install the Constituent Congress of Colombia . The task is then entrusted to General Luis Eduardo de Azuola (1764-1821), who also failed to fulfill it because a pneumonia ended his life (1821-04-13). By decision of the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), the task then fell to the Precursor Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), who had just arrived in the country after enduring long years in prison (Pasto, 1814-1816; Cádiz, 1816-1820) . 1821-03-31 Venezuela, Llanos del Apure, Achaguas Meeting of Nariño with Bolívar and Páez. Arrived in Angostura from Europe in 1821-02-20, Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) notified the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) of his arrival and received an invitation to meet with him and with General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) in Achaguas, Llanos del Apure. He embarked on a journey in 1821-03-15 and there he arrived on 1821-03-31 to meet personally for the first time. Bolívar appoints Nariño Interim Vice President of Colombia and commissions him to open the Constituent Congress, which is pending and excessively delayed in the Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta. Nariño set out on 1821-04-07 to reach his destination on 1821-04-27. 1821-04-13 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta General Luis Eduardo de Azuola y Rocha (1764-1821) dies, victim of pneumonia. In his capacity as Chancellor of the Republic, he was responsible for installing the Constituent Congress in the absence of the Liberator-President and after the unexpected death (Villa del Rosario, 1821-03-08) of Vice President Juan Germán Roscio Nieves (1763-1821). Under the circumstances, Bolívar ordered (Achaguas, Llanos del Apure, 1821-04-04) to be replaced on an interim basis by the aging Precursor Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), who had just arrived after a long prison (Pasto, 1814-1816; Cádiz , 1816-1820). Nariño arrived at the Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta on 1821-04-27. 1821-04-27 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta Antonio Nariño arrives at the Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta. Designated interim Vice President of Colombia by the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (Achaguas, Llanos del Apure, 1821-04-04) is expressly commissioned to formally open the Constituent Congress convened by the Congress of Angostura from 1819-12-17 to meet in the Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta from the first day of the year 1821. 1821-05-05 England, St. Helena Island Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821; Emperor of France, 1804-1814) dies. Military and French statesman, born in Ajaccio, Corsica (1769-08-15). Republican general during the Revolution and the Directorate, he was the architect of the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (1799-11-09) that made him First Consul of the Republic. Consul for life from 1802-08-02 until his proclamation as Emperor of the French (1804-05-18), crowned in 1804-12-02 and later as King of Romans (1805-03-18), crowned in 1805-05 -26; it held both titles until April 11, 1814-04-11 and, during the fleeting restoration of the "Hundred Days" between 1815-03-20 and 1815-06-22. For little more than a decade, he took control of almost all of Western and Central Europe through a series of conquests and alliances. After his defeat in the Battle of the Nations (1813-10-16-19), near Leipzig, he was forced to abdicate (Paris, 1814-04-03 and 06) and was confined to the Isle of Elba. He returned to France and briefly to power during the restoration of "Hundred Days" before being definitively defeated at Waterloo, Belgium (1815-06-18). In 1815-07-15 he was sent into exile by the British on the remote island of St. Helena, in the South Atlantic, more than 1,800 km off the west coast of Angola, Africa. There he died on 1821-05-05. His remains remained on the island until 1840, the year in which they were transferred to Paris (Cemetery of the Invalides, on the banks of the Seine) in compliance with the testamentary disposition of the ex-Emperor. He returned to France and briefly to power during the restoration of "Hundred Days" before being definitively defeated at Waterloo, Belgium (1815-06-18). In 1815-07-15 he was sent into exile by the British to the remote island of St. Helena, in the South Atlantic, more than 1,800 km off the west coast of Angola, Africa. There he died on 1821-05-05. His remains remained on the island until 1840, the year in which they were transferred to Paris (Cemetery of the Invalides, on the banks of the Seine) in compliance with the testamentary disposition of the ex-Emperor. He returned to France and briefly to power during the restoration of "Hundred Days" before being definitively defeated at Waterloo, Belgium (1815-06-18). In 1815-07-15 he was sent into exile by the British on the remote island of St. Helena, in the South Atlantic, more than 1,800 km off the west coast of Angola, Africa. There he died on 1821-05-05. His remains remained on the island until 1840, the year in which they were transferred to Paris (Cemetery of the Invalides, on the banks of the Seine) in compliance with the testamentary disposition of the ex-Emperor. 1821-05-06 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta Installation of the Constituent Congress of Colombia. Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), interim Vice President of Colombia from 1821-04-04 by appointment of the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) in Achaguas, installs the Constituent Congress of the Republic of Colombia in the Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta . According to the provisions of the Congress of Angostura from 1819-12-17, the new Congress should have started sessions in 1821-01-01 but delays in the election and congregation of the deputies of the numerous and dispersed Provinces that made up the new Republic —And lately the death in a short time of two Vice-Presidents of the Republic who were supposed to install it— prevented it from fulfilling with opportunity. Even at the late date of the installation of Congress in 1821-05-06, only 57 of the 95 expected deputies were present. When Nariño concluded his installation speech, the Liberator-President resigned from his high inauguration, so Nariño had to return to the precinct he had just left to communicate this news to the deputies. Congress refrained from accepting Bolívar's resignation in time that confirmed Nariño as the interim Vice Presidency. Later in the course of the deliberations, Nariño put his own constitutional project for the consideration of Congress that included the fruit of his experiences in the government of Cundinamarca as well as his studies and reflections during his long stay in prison in Cádiz (1816-1820). , a document that deserved more attention than it received. Soon after, Nariño resigned (1821-07-05) and José María del Castillo y Rada (1776-1833) was appointed to replace him. Congress issued the new Constitution on 1821-07-12, which received formal approval on 1821-08-30. The Congress of Cúcuta closed its sessions on 1821-10-14. 1821-05-07 Ecuador, Guayaquil Sucre in Guayaquil. Sent by the Liberator Simón Bolívar, short of troops and commissioned to liberate Quito, General Antonio José de Sucre arrives in Guayaquil with the hope of entering into deals with Peru to obtain reinforcements. By letter he asked General José de San Martín to provide him with the Numancia Battalion (which, sent by Morillo to Peru in 1820-12-20, had gone over to the patriot side as soon as they arrived) or another similar body while receiving aid from Cauca, to changing his offer to march with his men to Peru after finishing the Quito campaign. Finally, in 1821-12-01, San Martín answered positively through General Juan Antonio Alvarez de Arenales (1770-1831), Governor of the Department of Trujillo, promising to dispatch to Loja and Cuenca the division of Colonel Andrés de Santa Cruz (1762-1865) formed in Piura to cover the border. Santa Cruz sets off towards Saraguro at the end of 1821-12. 1821-06-04 Peru, Lima, Hacienda de Punchauca Punchauca interview. Viceroy José de La Serna meets personally with General José de San Martín at Hacienda Punchauca (about 25 km north of Lima, in the current district of Carabayllo). Delegates from both chiefs conferred in the following days without reaching a significant agreement. 1821-06-04 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta Ratification of the «Fundamental Law» of the Congress of Angostura. With a single vote against (of the deputy for Mariquita Manuel Baños), the First Constituent Congress of the New Kingdom of Granada, meeting in the Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta from 1821-05-06, ratifies in its session 32 (corresponding to the day 1821 -06-04) the «Fundamental Law» approved by the Congress of Angostura in 1819-12-17. In the same session and after a long deliberation, with ten votes against (of the deputies Salvador Camacho, Leandro Egea, José Ignacio de Márquez, José María Hinestrosa, Juan Ronderos, Nicolás Ballén, Antonio Malo, Manuel Baños, Pacífico Jaime and Mariano Escobar), the position favorable to a central government, popular and representative of the federal position, was imposed by majority, 1821-06-05 Peru, Lima Viceroy José de La Serna announced that he will leave Lima. He will leave a force under the command of José de La Mar to resist in El Callao, under the protection of the Real Felipe Fortress. In 1821-06-21 the royalist army, under the command of General José de Canterac, left Lima to go to the mountains. José de San Martín ordered the dispatch of the patriot chief Juan Antonio Álvarez de Arenales (1770-1831) to observe the realistic retreat but with instructions not to engage his army in a frontal battle. 1821-06-24 Venezuela, Valencia Battle of Carabobo; liberation of Venezuela. In the Carabobo field, near Valencia, the victory favored the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar, who surprised the enemy by attacking where it was not expected. Among the patriots killed in the action were the Venezuelan General Manuel Cedeño (1780-1821) and Colonel Ambrosio Plaza (1791-1821) from Granada. Barely a third of the Spanish army under the command of General Miguel de La Torre (1786-1843) managed to save themselves and took refuge in Puerto Cabello. The patriot triumph opened the doors to the liberation of Caracas and sealed the independence of Venezuela. In the words of Bolívar, in the announcement of the victory to the interim Vice President Antonio Nariño at the time in the Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta,"... Yesterday the political birth of the Republic of Colombia was confirmed with a splendid victory ..." The Liberator continued to Caracas, where he triumphed on 1821-06-29. 1821-07-05 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta Nariño's resignation. The Precursor Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), interim Vice President of Colombia by appointment of the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) and commissioned by him to formally install the Constituent Congress in Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta (which took effect in 1821-05-06), felt compelled to resign overwhelmed by friction created from the beginning, compounded by a confusing and angry incident with the widow of Irish general James T. English (1782-1819) and the insolent reaction of civilian general John D 'Evereux (1778-1860), but basically motivated by jealousy and distrust of the political actors of the day towards the inopportune and uncomfortable hero of the past. Nariño cited health reasons and that circumstance, real, according to her correspondence, but possibly distant from the urgency with which the resignation made her appear and those who rushed to accept her resignation, she offered a more or less dignified solution to the annoying problem. On the same day, Congress appointed his replacement in the person of José María del Castillo y Rada (1776-1833), by 35 votes out of 48 deputies. 1821-07-12 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta Expedition of the Constitution of Colombia. The Constituent Congress of Colombia meeting in the Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta from 1821-05-06 ratifies the union of the Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada and the Captaincy General of Venezuela, provisionally decreed in 1819-12-17 by the Congress of Angostura in He called it "Fundamental Law" , and issued the Constitution of the Republic of Colombia. The Constitution receives formal approval by the same Constituent Congress on 1821-08-30. 1821-07-12 Peru, Lima San Martin enters Lima. From the beginning of 1821-07, a tremendous food shortage was felt in Lima, originated in the siege of the montoneras that cut off communication with the outside world. Fearing looting, the population asked José de San Martín to enter the city, which the general accepted on the condition that the Cabildo meet to swear independence - which was carried out in 1821- 07-15. The outposts of the Liberation Army entered Lima on 1821-07-09 and San Martín entered Lima on the night of 1821-07-12. Two days later the entirety of his army did. 1821-07-15 Peru, Lima In compliance with what was previously agreed with the Generalissimo José de San Martín (1778-1850) as a condition for their entry to the aid of Lima, the notables of the Peruvian capital met in Open Town Hall, with the purpose of swearing independence. Some 300 leading citizens signed the Peru Independence Act on 1821-07-15, and many more did so in the following days. The drafting of the document was entrusted to the Arequipa lawyer Manuel Pérez de Tudela (1774-1863), future Minister of Foreign Affairs. San Martín proclaimed the Independence of Peru in 1821-07-28. 1821-07-17 Peru, Lima Admiral Thomas Alexander Lord Cochrane (1775-1860), 10th Earl of Dundonald, in the service of Chile and head of the naval support to José de San Martín (1778-1850), enters Lima. 1821-07-28 Peru, Lima San Martín proclaims the Independence of Peru. In a solemn public ceremony, Generalissimo José de San Martín (1778-1850), proclaimed the Independence of Peru. First he did it in the Plaza Mayor of Lima, then in the Plazuela de La Merced, then in the Plaza Santa Ana, in front of the Convent of the Descalzas, and finally in the Plaza de la Inquisición (today Plaza Bolívar). That same day, San Martín was appointed Protector of Peru, with civil and military authority 1821-08-19 Ecuador, Guayaquil Patriot triumph in Yaguachi (Cone). In Yaguachi (Cone), near Guayaquil, General Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) who had left the port on 1821-08-07 to follow Babahoyo and had retreated to avoid being attacked by the Spanish, seconded by General José Mires (c1785-1829) he faced victoriously the Governor of Quito Mariscal Melchor Aymerich (1754-1836) and his second, Lieutenant Colonel Francisco Eugenio Tamariz (1787-1880), who was imprisoned and later went to the patriot side. Aymerich countermarched disorderly towards Quito, losing men and baggage. In addition to favoring the patriots, the prolonged action caused a rebirth of patriotic sentiment towards Colombia among Guayaquil residents. Sucre, as he always would, was generous to the defeated. 1821-08-30 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta New Constitution for Colombia approved. The Constituent Congress of the Nuevo Reino de Granada, meeting in Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta since 1821-05-06, approves (by 41 votes in favor and 10 against) the draft Constitution submitted to the consideration of the plenary session by the Commission. Editor. 57 of the 95 expected deputies attended sessions. Despite the fact that the interim Vice President Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) presented a draft of his constitutional project, which was filed without having deserved further attention, the Congress chose to base its deliberations on the 'Fundamental Law' approved by the Congress of Angostura in 1819-12-17 and formed a Drafting Commission made up of distinguished jurists. After months of deliberations, a form of organization was reached whose main characteristics were: Representative, central and unitary government distributed in the three classic Powers: Executive, Legislative, and Judicial. Executive Power in the hands of a President, replaced by a Vice President, with a period of four years and re-eligible for once; endowed with extraordinary powers in case of emergency; supported by four Secretaries of the Office in the branches of Foreign Relations, Interior, Treasury, War and Navy. Bicameral Legislative Power; legislators elected by cantonal electoral assemblies; terms of eight years for senators and four for representatives. Judicial Power embodied in a High Court of Justice. I express recognition of freedom of thought, speech and printing; as well as industry, commerce and work, with the exception of stagnation (state monopolies). Express prohibition to modify the Constitution before the term of ten years. Congress set the date of 1821-09-07 for the election of the constitutional President and Vice President in property. 1821-09-07 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta Bolívar, President of Colombia; Santander, Vice President. Within the Constituent Congress of Colombia, meeting in the Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta from 1821-05-06, after the Constitution was approved on 1821-08-30, on 1821-09-07 the vote was taken to fill in property the constitutional positions of President and Vice President of Colombia. Generals Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) and Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) --who held these positions temporarily by order of the Congress of Angostura from 1819-12-17-- had sent their respective Congress in advance You resign, both expressing their desire not to be considered for continuing in their positions. Fifty-nine deputies were present and it had been stipulated that a qualified two-thirds majority was required to declare the winner. The election of President was verified in a single round and fell without difficulty in the person of the Liberator Simón Bolívar (50-9). The Vice President, on the other hand, required eight votes to be defined; From the third round on, the option was restricted to Santander and Antonio Nariño (1765-1823). Finally, Santander obtained the position (39-20), making it necessary in his case to correct the age requirement because, although he was about to meet it (he was born in 1792-04-02), he did not yet have the required minimum age of thirty years. Dispatches were immediately sent to the elected magistrates so that they could attend to take possession of the body present before Congress. They did so, 1821-09-12 Ecuador, Ambato Patriot disaster in Guachi. After the defeat of Yaguachi (1821-08-19), Marshal Melchor Aymerich countermarched towards Quito, pursued by General Antonio José de Sucre. In the vicinity of Ambato, north of Riobamba, the armies met again in the Guachi field. Sucre yielded to the opinions of his officers - led by his former instructor in military affairs, now General José Mires (c1785-1829) - emboldened by the previous triumph and fought from a disadvantageous position. The result was adverse to the patriots, although the Spaniards also had high losses so they could not pursue the defeated who had to retreat first to Babahoyo and then to Guayaquil. Aymerich continued to Quito but on the way he decided to leave command of the troops to Colonel Carlos Tolrá (1789-d1859), a royalist Governor of the Province of Antioquia, to harass the republicans. He delayed his approach to Guayaquil until the end of 1821-10, but instead of attacking upon arrival he proposed an armistice for a term of ninety days that, advantageous to Sucre under the circumstances, was immediately accepted. Such a lucky occurrence allowed the patriots to make themselves strong before launching the successful campaign over Quito. it was immediately accepted. Such a lucky occurrence allowed the patriots to make themselves strong before launching the successful campaign over Quito. it was immediately accepted. Such a lucky occurrence allowed the patriots to make themselves strong before launching the successful campaign over Quito. 1821-09-27 Mexico, Mexico City Iturbide reestablishes the original Mexican empire and proclaims independence from Mexico. Coinciding with his 38th birthday, Agustin de Iturbide (1783-1824) entered Mexico City in triumph as head of the new regime. Its entry represented the reestablishment of the original Mexican empire, subjugated by Spain since 1521. It proclaimed independence and created a provisional government. In 1822-05-19 he was appointed Emperor by the Mexican Congress and ascended to the throne as Agustin I; but his reign was short-lived as in 1823-03 he was forced to abdicate. 1821-10-03 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta Bolívar and Santander are sworn in. Elected on 1821-09-07 as President and Vice President of Colombia by the Constituent Congress meeting in the Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta from 1821-05-06 and after the Constitution was approved on 1821-08-30, Generals Simón Bolívar (1793-1830) and Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) personally appeared before the same Congress to take the respective oaths of rigor and take formal possession of their positions before the President of the Corporation, Dr. José Ignacio de Márquez (1793- 1880). The Liberator remains in Cúcuta until 1821-10-10, the day on which he begins his journey to Bogotá, where he arrives towards the end of the same month and where he remains until 1821-12-13, when he leaves for the south of Nueva Granada to undertake liberation. Quito. 1821-10-07 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta Appointment of the Secretaries of the Presidential Office. Possessed from their positions in the previous 1821-10-03, Generals Simón Bolívar (1793-1830) and Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840), respectively President and Vice President of the Nuevo Reino de Granada, appoint the Secretaries of the Presidential Office: Relations Exteriors, Pedro Gual y Escandón (1783-1862); Interior, José Manuel Restrepo Vélez (1781-1863); Hacienda, José María del Castillo y Rada (1776-1833); War and Navy, Colonel Pedro Briceño Méndez (1792-1835). Authorized by Congress to command, endowed with extraordinary powers, the army of the Republic in campaign, the Liberator-President delegates to the Vice President the exercise of Executive Power in his absence; and Santander proceeds to make the most urgent appointments: Civil and Military Chief in the Department of Venezuela, General Carlos Soublette (1789-1870); General Commander for the Province of Zulia, General Lino de Clemente (1767-1834); General Commander for the Orinoco Province, General José Francisco Bermúdez (1782-1831); Mayor of Cundinamarca, Estanislao Vergara and Sanz de Santamaría (1790-1855); Governor and General Commander for the Province of Cauca, José Concha (1785 - 1830); Governor and General Commander for the Province of Magdalena, Mariano Montilla (1782-1851). Governor and General Commander for the Province of Cauca, José Concha (1785 - 1830); Governor and General Commander for the Province of Magdalena, Mariano Montilla (1782-1851). Governor and General Commander for the Province of Cauca, José Concha (1785 - 1830); Governor and General Commander for the Province of Magdalena, Mariano Montilla (1782-1851). 1821-10-09 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta Election of deputies to the next Congress; challenge to the election of Nariño. In fulfillment of its last tasks prior to the closing of its deliberations in 1821-10-14, the Constituent Congress of Colombia proceeds to elect deputies for the various Provinces to the next Congress convened for 1823-01-01. The Province of Cundinamarca had 4 senators. In 1821-10-09 the first two were elected, Antonio Nariño (29 votes) and Luis de Rieux (25 votes); the next day the names of Estanislao Vergara and Miguel Uribe were added (which prevailed over those of Domingo Caicedo and Sanz de Santamaría and their uncle Fernando Caicedo y Flórez, José Sanz de Santamaría and Francisco Montoya). 1821-10-10 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta Election of deputies to the next Congress; conclusion of the debate around Nariño. In conclusion of the unexpected and heated debate that arose the previous day in the face of the surprising challenge to the election of the Precursor Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) made by the deputy Diego Fernando Gómez Durán (1786-1854), it was decided to consider the election of Nariño valid until that the Congress of 1823, to which the reasons for the challenge would be transferred, take a decision after hearing the accused. Gómez's accusation against Nariño was based on three actions in his past life, presumably criminal or grounds for disqualification: a) being a failed debtor before the Treasury of Tithes of Santafé (from 1794-08); b) having voluntarily surrendered to the enemy in Pasto (1814-05); c) Failure to comply with the requirement of prior residence in the country (from which Nariño had been absent between 1815-07 and 1821-02). Thus, it would be up to Nariño to disprove the accusation before the future Congress of 1823. 1821-10-14 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta Congress of Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta closes sessions. After five months of sessions, the Constituent Congress of the New Kingdom of Granada, meeting in the Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta since 1821-05-06, closes its sessions. He leaves the opening of sessions of the next Congress called for 1823-01-02 in Bogotá. 1821-11-28 Panama, Panama City Declaration of Independence of the Province of Panama. The civil, military and ecclesiastical corporations of the Province of Panama decide to separate from Spain and declare themselves an integral part of Colombia. 1821-12-13 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá The Liberator-President leaves Bogotá. Simón Bolívar leaves the Colombian capital, which he had come from Cúcuta since the end of 1821-10, to assume the leadership of the liberation war in the south of Nueva Granada - it will take almost five years to return, since he did so in 1826-11-14. He continues to La Plata, where he arrives on 1821-12-22. 1822-01-07 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Nariño in Bogotá. The Precursor Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) returns to the Colombian capital, after a slow journey undertaken from Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta in 1821-07-13. More than eight years earlier, on 1813-09-21, he had left the capital in command of the combined army of Cundinamarca and the United Provinces of Nueva Granada at the beginning of the South Liberation Campaign, which ended for the Precursor in an unexpected defeat before the Pasto gates on 1814-05-10. Now, aged and ill, he came to seek refuge in his house in Fucha where he remained, in quiet isolation, until in 1822-10 when General Francisco de Paula Santander appointed him Commander General of Arms of Cundinamarca and President of the Distribution Commission of National Assets. 1822-01-12 Peru, Lima San Martín prepares a trip to meet Bolívar in Guayaquil. General José de San Martín (1778-1850), Liberator of Buenos Aires and Protector of Peru, before his next absence from the country delegates command to José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero (1779-1825), Marqués de Torre Tagle, with title of Supreme Delegate. The preamble to his decree-proclamation explains that"... the cause of the American Continent leads me to carry out a plan that flatters my dearest hopes. I am going to meet in Guayaquil the Liberator of Colombia. The general interests of Peru and the New Kingdom of Granada, the energetic end of the war that we sustain and the stability of destiny that America is rapidly approaching make our interview necessary, since the order of events has made us highly responsible for the success of this sublime undertaking ... " 1822-01-20 Ecuador, Guayaquil Sucre declares the armistice broken. Before the ninety days of the armistice agreed with the royalists at the beginning of 1821-11, General Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) declared it broken as a result of the abuses of the Spaniards and left Guayaquil to start a campaign on Quito . Initially it marches in a southeastern direction towards Saraguro, to meet with the division of Colonel Andrés de Santa Cruz (1762-1865) sent by the Protector of Peru José de San Martín (1778-1850) who is coming up from Loja, already taken by the patriots . Reunited they will march on Cuenca. 1822-03-03 Peru, Lima San Martín proposes declaring war on Colombia. The Protector of Peru José de San Martín (1778-1850), learned in Huamachuco (1822-02-20) by an envoy of the President of the Provincial Government Board of Guayaquil José Joaquín Olmedo (1780-1847) about the intimation directed by the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) from Cali (1822-01-02) so that Guayaquil would rejoin Colombia and from the plans of the Liberator himself to travel to Guayaquil to take charge of the situation, he decided to return immediately to Lima where he arrived the night before. To the Governing Council, urgently meeting, he proposed to declare war on Colombia to avoid annexation. He also sent instructions to Colonel Andrés de Santa Cruz (1762-1865) so that, leaving General Antonio José de Sucre, he would retreat to Guayaquil or Piura, and to General José de La Mar to support the independence of Guayaquil at all costs. Finally, he wrote to Bolívar asking him to let Guayaquil freely choose the country to which it wanted to annex, consulting its particular convenience,"... because it cannot be isolated without prejudice to both." The Protector thus confirmed that his frustrated trip to Guayaquil was not intended to meet with the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar but to satisfy the Peruvian desire to appropriate Guayaquil, the coveted province of New Granada. The order to Santa Cruz was revoked on 1822-03-12. 1822-04-07 New Kingdom of Granada, Pasto Action in Bomboná. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) who left Bogotá from 1821-12-14 marching south in support of General Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) is hampered by the Spanish commander Basilio García (1789- d1823). Forced to present battle when trying to cross the Guáitara River leaving Pasto aside, the patriots obtain a victory so precarious that it seems more like a draw, so it was not difficult for the enemies to agree to a truce. Bolívar, weakened and harassed by the guerrillas, retreated to El Peñol, in the direction of the Mayo River, and then to Popayán to await reinforcements that finally arrived on 1822-05-26 in a contingent sent by Vice President Santander. Meeting again about 2. 1822-05-19 Mexico, Mexico City Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico. In 1821-09-27 Agustin de Iturbide (1783-1824) entered Mexico City triumphantly as head of the new regime and proclaimed the independence of Mexico. His entry represented the reestablishment of the original Mexican Empire, subjugated by Spain since 1521. In 1822-05-19 he was appointed by the Mexican Congress as Emperor, and ascended to the throne as Augustine I; but his reign was short-lived as in 1823-03 he was forced to abdicate. 1822-05-24 Ecuador, Quito Pichincha battle; liberation of Quito. Resonant victory of Brigadier Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830), seconded by General José Mires (c1785-1829), Colonels Andrés de Santa Cruz (1792-1865), José María Córdova (1799-1829), Diego Ibarra ( 1798-1876), Antonio Morales (1784-1852) and Juan Lavalle (1797-1841) and the cavalry commander Lieutenant Colonel Cayetano Cestaris (n Gaetano Cestari, Naples), on the Spanish army commanded by the acting Viceroy Melchor Aymerich (1754 -1836), seconded by Colonels Carlos Tolrá (1789-d1859), Luis Alba, Francisco and Vicente González, Gregorio Rodríguez, Francisco Alameda and Benito Fernández. The royalist army, defeated and decimated in more than half of its strength, had to retreat hastily to Quito. The capital capitulated the next day. In reward for their performance, Sucre was promoted to general of division; Santa Cruz and Córdova to brigadier generals; Cestaris to colonel. General Sucre was also appointed Mayor of the Department of Quito by the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar. 1822-05-25 Ecuador, Quito Capitulation of Quito. Immediate consequence of the decisive action of the previous day on the slopes of the Pichincha volcano, favorable to the patriots under the command of Brigadier Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830). The Venezuelan leader, as was his custom, granted the most generous terms to the defeated. Acting Viceroy Melchor Aymerich (1754-1836) signed the document on behalf of the Spanish government. 1822-06-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Pasto Bolívar in Pasto. Obtained the capitulation of the forces of the Spanish commander Basilio García, as an echo of the resounding victory obtained by General Sucre in Pichincha, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) entered Pasto at five in the afternoon. Bishop Salvador Jiménez de Enciso (1765-1841) led him under a canopy from the door of the Cathedral to the main altar. Aware of Sucre's success in Pichincha (1822-05-24), Bolívar went without delay to Quito, where he arrived on 1822-06-16. 1822-06-16 Ecuador, Quito Bolívar in Quito. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar enters Quito in the afternoon, and is the object of an enthusiastic reception where he meets Manuela Sáenz (1797-1856), a character who will play an important role in his life from that moment on. 1822-06-22 Ecuador, Quito Bolívar declares that Guayaquil is part of Colombia. At the proposal of the Protector of Peru José de San Martín (1778-1850) dated in Lima, 1822-03-03) that Guayaquil be allowed to freely decide on its annexation to Peru or the New Kingdom of Granada, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) answers that based on the colonial order, there can be no doubt that Guayaquil belongs to the New Kingdom of Granada, as it is part of the Presidency of Quito and the Fundamental Law of Colombia (Angostura, 1819- 12-17) ordered the incorporation into its territory of the Department of Quito, which it granted representation in the National Congress when its release was achieved. 1822-06-25 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Congress of Colombia responds to Bolívar's query on Guayaquil. In a communication signed by the Secretary of Foreign Relations Pedro Gual (1783-1862), the Congress of Colombia responds to the consultation directed by the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), from El Trapiche (1822-06-01) while He traveled between Popayán and Quito, asking for instructions on the conduct to follow in front of the Guayaquil Provincial Government Board which, after twenty months of proclaiming its independence (1820-10-09), shows an ambiguous attitude. The Colombian Congress recommends that Bolívar follow the path of diplomacy but, if deemed necessary, not hesitate to use force to reduce it to his duty to join Colombia, of which he is a party by provisions that date back to the colonial period. 1822-07-11 Ecuador, Guayaquil Bolívar in Guayaquil. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar arrives in Guayaquil from Quito. After him, Colombian troops enter the port, combining those of Bolívar and Sucre, victorious in Bomboná and Pichincha. The division of the now general Andrés de Santa Cruz (1762-1865) had separated in Guaranda with instructions to go to Naranjal, south of Guayaquil, to embark back to Peru. The popular demonstrations in acclaim for Bolívar gave him the opportunity to assume command of the city in safeguarding his right to express himself through the Electoral College, as he did in 1822-07-13. 1822-07-13 Ecuador, Guayaquil Bolívar decrees the incorporation of Guayaquil into Colombia and assumes the supreme command. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar, in use of his constitutional powers as President of Colombia and based on the reasons of customary law that authorized him because the Province of Guayaquil was found in colonial times within the jurisdiction of the Royal Court of Quito , decrees the incorporation of Guayaquil into Colombia and assumes the political and military command of the city and the Province, declaring the previous authorities dismissed from their functions. Despite the offers of respect made by Bolívar to the members of the Guayaquil Junta, with José Joaquín Olmedo (1780-1847) at the helm and fearful of reprisals for their sympathies with Peru, 1822-07-14 Peru, El Callao San Martin embarks for Guayaquil. The Protector of Peru José de San Martín (1778-1850) embarks in El Callao aboard the frigate «La Macedonia» bound for Guayaquil, with the idea of going to Quito later to greet the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar and coordinate strategies joint ventures, as he had been offered in a letter dispatched the day before. 1822-07-24 Ecuador, Guayaquil San Martin approaches Guayaquil. In 1822-07-14 the Protector of Peru José de San Martin (1778-1850) had embarked in El Callao in the frigate «La Macedonia»Heading to Guayaquil, with the intention of then going to Quito to greet the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) and coordinate joint strategies there, as he had been offered in a letter dispatched the day before. But upon reaching the Island of Puná, at the mouth of the Guayas River, San Martín received reports that Bolívar had been in the port for a few days (from 1822-07-11), as well as that it had already been resolved (since 1822 -07-13) in favor of Colombia the matter of the annexation of the Province of Guayaquil. Aware that he had arrived late and that, therefore, his trip was no longer purposeful, the Protector initially refused to disembark and tried to turn around to return to Lima. The insistence of Bolívar's envoys made him postpone his first decision and, at his request, gave the order to advance to port. 1822-07-26 Ecuador, Guayaquil First interview of Bolívar and San Martín. On the morning of 1822-07-26, the Protector of Peru José de San Martin (1778-1850) received the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) aboard the frigate "La Macedonia" that brought him from El Callao , and the rules of courtesy made it impossible for him to refuse his invitation to accompany him back to shore. Bolívar led San Martín to a house prepared so that the visitor could receive the greetings of the local authorities and the people gathered in the courtyard. The two supreme chiefs then chatted behind closed doors and without witnesses for several hours before going on to the official reception prepared by the host in honor of the illustrious visitor. 1822-07-27 Ecuador, Guayaquil Second interview of Bolívar and San Martín. In Guayaquil, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) and the Protector of Peru José de San Martín (1778-1850), supreme heads of Colombia and Peru respectively, met behind closed doors and without witnesses for about four hours on the afternoon of 1822-07-27 and then they attended a banquet given by the host in honor of the illustrious visitor, which was followed by a dance. The Protector embarked at midnight. They would not see each other again. Upon his return to Peru, informed of the betrayal of his officers in collusion with the Peruvian politicians who in his absence had deposed his minister Bernardo de Monteagudo (1789-1825) by deporting him to Panama, San Martin fell into deep depression. In 1822-09-20 he resigned before Congress to the Protectorate of Peru, and the following day he embarked for Chile on the way to Mendoza, where he initially retired. In 1824 he left for Europe, where he remained until his death (Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1850-08-17). 1822-07-29 Ecuador, Guayaquil Report of the Secretary General of the Liberator on the discussions between Bolívar and San Martín. The two conversations, held in Guayaquil on the morning of 1822-07-26 and in the afternoon of 1822-07-27 between the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) and the Protector of Peru José de San Martín (1778- 1850), supreme chiefs of Colombia and Peru respectively, were held behind closed doors and without witnesses. On 1822-07-29, General José Gabriel Pérez, Secretary General of the Liberator, prepared for General Antonio José de Sucre, first Mayor of the Department of Quito, a confidential report on the main topics of the talks. 1822-08-22 New Kingdom of Granada, Santafé Sinforoso Mutis (1773-1822), nephew of the wise José Celestino Mutis (1732-1808). Old friend and companion of struggles and misfortunes of the Precursor Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), who felt his death as that of a brother. 1822-09-20 Peru, Lima San Martin resigns from the Protectorate of Peru. Upon his return to Peru after the interview with the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) in Guayaquil (1822-07-26 / 27), upon learning of the betrayal of his officers who, in collusion with Peruvian politicians, during his short absence His faithful friend and esteemed minister Bernardo de Monteagudo (1789-1825) had been deposed by expelling him to Panama, the Protector of Peru José de San Martín (1778-1850) entered a deep depression. He resigned from the Protectorate before the Peruvian Congress in 1822-09-20 and this then entrusted the government to General José de La Mar (1776-1830). Soon, the military setbacks of the Argentine general Rudecindo Alvarado (1792-1872) caused the dismissal of La Mar and his subsequent replacement by José de la Riva Agüero (1783-1858), who in 1823-03 sent the Peruvian general Mariano Portocarrero to Guayaquil to seek the aid of the Liberator. On the night of the same day of his resignation, San Martin embarked for Chile on the way to Mendoza, where he retired for a time before traveling in 1824 to Europe, where he remained in the retreat of his private life until his death ( Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1850-08-17). 1822-10-15 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Alarm in the Colombian government at the news received from Europe about the ruinous conditions of the loan negotiated on behalf of Colombia by Francisco Antonio Zea (1766-1822). On behalf of the government of Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840), the Secretary of Foreign Relations Pedro Gual y Escandón (1783-1862) revokes the powers granted to former Vice President Zea, confronts him with his excess of functions, reproaches him for his no communication or consultation on the terms of his commitments and orders him to return immediately to the country to answer for his actions. Failing to do so, Zea died in Bath, England, on 1822-11-22. The government of Colombia then commissioned the Venezuelan José Rafael Revenga (1786-1852) to see to straighten the accounts, 1822-10-25 Peru, Lima Peru declines offer of Colombian troops. The Supreme Governing Board of Peru answers the note of the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar dated 1822-09-09 in which he offers the Peruvian government the assistance of Colombian troops for the campaign against the Spanish. He is grateful for the offer but declines it because he considers it unnecessary while requesting that at the moment they be assisted with the largest possible number of rifles, which will be paid at the first opportunity. 1822-11-22 England, Somerset, Bath Francisco Antonio Zea dies. In the midst of the scandal caused by the news of the ruinous conditions in which he negotiated a loan on behalf of Colombia, and possibly without learning of the reaction of the Colombian Congress, which revoked his powers and ordered him to immediately return to the country to respond For his actions, Francisco Antonio Zea (n 1766-11-11, Medellín), an old friend and companion of the Precursor Antonio Nariño (1765-1823), died in Bath. The Colombian government commissioned the Venezuelan José Rafael Revenga (1786-1852) to straighten the accounts, but the relentless persecution of dissatisfied creditors landed the commissioner in jail in London. 1822-12-03 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Nariño, contested senator. Antonio Nariño receives from the Secretary of State José Manuel Restrepo an official communication dated 1822-12-02 giving an account of his appointment as senator for Cundinamarca for the Congress that must meet in Bogotá as of 1823-01-01, as well as about the nullities that the deputy Diego Fernando Gómez Durán objected against his election on 1821-10-09 and with respect to which Nariño must defend himself before the same Congress. Out of delicacy, Nariño proceeds immediately (in 1822-12-04) to resign his job as Commander of Arms of Cundinamarca (for which he had been appointed in 1822-10) on the grounds that the communication he has received prevents him from continuing to perform any function public. Resignation that was reiterated by Nariño in 1823-01-01, The same date on which the Congress before which it was to defend itself had to be installed, and still in 1823-02-01. It was barely accepted on 1823-02-12, and on that same day Nariño handed over the position to the young Brigadier José María Cordova (1799-1829). 1822-12-24 New Kingdom of Granada, Pasto Cruenta takes Pasto. To quell the Pasto uprising that had been declared since 1822-10-28 when it was learned that the Colombian troops had marched to Peru, General Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830), who came from Quito, took the city with fire and blood. The pastusos fought like heroes but were defeated. The rebels in arms were offered pardon, provided they presented themselves to depose them before the last day of December. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) arrived in the city on 1823-01-02 and Sucre left the next day for Quito. 1823-01-02 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Installation of the Congress of Colombia postponed. The ordinary Congress summoned from Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta by the Constituent Congress of 1821 could not meet when opening the year 1823 as arranged. Due to difficulties of all kinds, he could hardly settle in 1823-04-08. 1823-02-12 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Nariño leaves the Cundinamarca Arms Command. Out of delicacy, Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) had resigned his job as Commander of Arms of Cundinamarca (for which he had been appointed in 1822-10) from 1822-12-04, arguing that the receipt on that day of the official notification of the challenge to his election as senator from Cundinamarca, from which he should defend himself before Congress, prevented him from continuing to perform any public function. The resignation was reiterated by Nariño on 1823-01-01, the date on which the Congress before which he was to defend himself had to be installed; and still in 1823-02-01. But it was barely accepted on 1823-02-12, and that same day Nariño handed over the position to the young general José María Cordova (1799-1830). 1823-04-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Installation of the first Ordinary Congress of Colombia. Due to difficulties of all kinds, the Congress called by the Constituent Congress of Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta (1821-10-14) to meet in Bogotá at the beginning of 1823 could hardly be installed on 1823-04-08. Generals Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845) were appointed by vote as President of the Senate, and Domingo Caicedo (1783-1843) as President of the Chamber of Deputies. There was a natural expectation of supporters and political opponents about the defense that the Precursor Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) had to make regarding his right to occupy the seat for Cundinamarca for which he had been elected by the largest number of votes at the close of Congress. Constituent (Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta, 1821-10-09), But some previous debates were delaying the initiation of the intervention of the challenged. Nariño, for his part, chose not to attend the sessions until he could begin his defense, which finally happened on 1823-05-14. The first Ordinary Congress closed sessions on 1823-08-06. 1823-05-14 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Successful defense of Nariño before the Colombian Congress. Before the first Ordinary Congress of the New Kingdom of Granada, convened from the Constituent Congress of Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta (1821-10-14) to be installed on the first day of 1823 but which, postponed for various reasons, could hardly meet in Santafé From 1823-04-08, the Precursor Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) appeared to defend his election as senator for Cundinamarca from the challenge that the deputy Diego Fernando Gómez Durán (1786-1853) made of it in the Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta , supported by his colleague and partner Vicente Azuero y Plata (1787-1844). Nariño defended himself with excessive ardor - in the opinion of those who made him ugly for having appealed, in an action unworthy of his antecedents and merits, 1823-05-14 Peru, Lima Congress of Peru requests Bolívar's intervention. The Peruvian Congress issues a decree requesting the intervention of the Liberator-President of Colombia Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), whose coming he judges to be the only salvation for the country. In the words of Mariano Felipe Paz Soldán (1821-1886), Peruvian historian: "... It is true that Bolívar's presence in Peru was demanded by all parties, demanded by opinion, by Congress and by all men that influenced the fate of the country. Never was the coming of a man considered more necessary or more desired ... " 1823-05-20 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Congress of Colombia acquits Nariño. After the consequent deliberations to the victorious defense that the Precursor Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) made of his actions in an emotional session of 1823-05-14, the Congress of Colombia declares him innocent of the charges against him and valid, for therefore, his election as a senator representing Cundinamarca; consequently, Nariño was invited to immediately join the legislative body. This is what the Precursor did, and henceforth he regularly attended the ordinary sessions which concluded on 1823-08-06. He then requested permission to leave the capital for health reasons, a permit that was granted two days later. 1823-07-19 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Congress of Colombia decrees a lifetime pension for the Liberator. Considering that "... when the Liberator Simón Bolívar undertook the immortal work of liberating his homeland and founding the Republic of the New Kingdom of Granada, he was young and rich and today, he has the glory of giving point to this heroic enterprise After having spent the most flowery part of his years, he finds himself without the patrimony he inherited from his elders, for having consecrated his life and his fortune in service of the holy cause of freedom and independence ... " since " ... it is the duty of the Republic to take care of the comfortable and decent subsistence of the one who has given it being ... ", the Congress of Colombia decrees in favor of the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) a life pension in the amount of thirty thousand pesos per year, "... effective as of the day that the Liberator Simón Bolívar ends the functions of Republic President." 1823-07-24 Venezuela, Lake Maracaibo Decisive patriot victory in naval action in Lake Maracaibo. The republican squad under the command of Brigadier José Prudencio Padilla (1784-1828), faced the royalist squad commanded by the captain Angel Laborde y Navarro (1772-1834). The patriot victory led to the capitulation of the Field Marshal Francisco Tomás Morales (1781-1845) in 1823-08-03 with delivery of the city of Maracaibo, occupied by the royalists since 1822-09, and consolidated the independence of the former colonies Spanish of Venezuela and New Granada, grouped under the name of Republic of Colombia. The square of Puerto Cabello remained as the last royalist stronghold in the independent territories, until it was finally surrendered by General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) on 1823-11-08. 1823-08-02 Ecuador, Guayaquil Bolívar, receives authorization to go to Peru. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) receives permission from the Congress of Colombia to move to Peru. The Secretary General of the Liberator, in communication to the Secretary of Foreign Relations of the New Kingdom of Granada, confirms: "... At last the permission of Congress has arrived, and HE has resolved to move to Peru to save it from the inevitable ruin that he threatens it and to save Colombia from participating in the calamities of war and from being, perhaps, involved in horrific conflicts, mainly in the South ... " . Bolívar embarks on the brig «Chimborazo»in 1823-08-07 and disembarked in El Callao on 1823-09-01. He will remain in Peru until 1826-09-03. 1823-08-06 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá Ordinary Congress of 1823 closes sessions. The Vice President of the Senate, Jerónimo Torres (1771-1839), when taking stock of the accomplished agenda, described it as a demonstration of the understanding of the first constitutional legislators regarding the formation of the two political monopolies of the modern State. Recognizing the great obstacles that had to be removed to pave the ground on which the "great national building" should rest , resulting from "the work of time, constancy and lights," he recorded that the first legislators had prepared the"Elements for the Public Finance and the organization of the Armed Forces, which are the two vital principles that a State needs for its prosperity and defense . " The tasks fulfilled in this first constitutional legislature then included the organic laws for the economic and political regime of the Republic, the procedures of the Judicial Power, and the "literary plans on education and national enlightenment, which open to the citizen the sacred field of virtues and science ” . 1823-08-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Nariño leaves the capital on a one-way trip. After the ordinary sessions of the Colombian Congress (1823-08-06) closed in Bogotá, Senator Antonio Nariño (1765-1823) requested permission to leave the capital for health reasons, permission that was granted on 1823-08- 08. Downcast in body and soul, Nariño left the capital never to return. He spent a season in Ráquira before settling in Villa de Leyva from early 1823-10. There he died in 1823-12-13. He was 58 years old (n 1765-04-09, Santafé). 1823-09-01 Peru, Callao Bolívar in Peru. Left Guayaquil in 1823-08-07, the Liberator-President of Colombia Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) disembarks in El Callao, on his way to Lima. He goes to the call of the Peruvian Congress (1823-05-14) to save a country paralyzed in its economy and disrupted in its political leadership due to administrative incapacity and permanent conflict of interest between the leaders, several of them already passed to the Spanish side or about to to do so. Bolívar arrives accompanied by José Joaquín Olmedo (1780-1847) and José Faustino Sánchez Carrión (1787-1825), deputies commissioned by the Peruvian Congress to go look for him in Guayaquil. Meanwhile, the Peruvian President José de la Riva Agüero (1783-1858), dismissed by Congress by decree of 1823-06-23 ratified in 1823-08-08, he remained in Trujillo in a hostile attitude while José Bernardo de Tagle y Portocarrero (1779-1825), Marqués de Torre Tagle, had replaced him at the head of the Executive Power in Lima. The day after his arrival, the Liberator received authorization from the Peruvian Congress to subdue Riva Agüero by force. Bolivar will remain in Peru until 1826-09-03. 1823-11-08 Venezuela, Puerto Cabello Taking of Puerto Cabello. The patriot victory in the naval action on Lake Maracaibo (1823-07-24) led to the capitulation of Field Marshal Francisco Tomás Morales (1781-1845) in 1823-08-03 with the surrender of the occupied city of Maracaibo by the royalists from 1822-09, and consolidated the independence of the former Spanish colonies of Venezuela and New Granada, grouped under the name of the Republic of Colombia. Under the command of Brigadier Sebastián de La Calzada (1770-1824), the Plaza de Puerto Cabello remained the last royalist stronghold in the independent territories until it finally capitulated in 1823-11-08 to General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873). The taking of Puerto Cabello definitively sealed the independence of Venezuela by surrendering the last bastion of the Spanish Crown to the former Captaincy General. 1823-12-13 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa de Leyva Antonio Nariño dies. In Villa de Leyva (current department of Boyacá), at the age of fifty-eight, Precursor Antonio Nariño (n 1765-04-09, Santafé) died in his place of temporary residence. He had retired to the peaceful town at the end of sessions of a legislature in which he won the right to participate after successfully defending his contested seat before the full Congress (1823-05-14). Nariño attended the ordinary sessions of Congress, which ended on 1823-08-06; once concluded, he requested and obtained permission to retire to Boyacá to recover his health. In 1823-12-13, he went into agony from eleven in the morning. Accompanied and assisted by the doctor Juan Gualberto Gutiérrez, the political judge of Villa de Leyva, Ignacio Ferro, and the priests José Antonio Marcos and Buenventura Sáenz, he expired at five in the afternoon. 1824-01-01 Peru, Pativilca Bolívar seriously ill in Pativilca. In Pativilca (on the Peruvian coast north of Lima, near the Inca ruins of "La Fortaleza" ) where he arrived the day before on his return trip to the Peruvian capital after his march on Trujillo, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) was affected by an intense fever that made him fear for his life. He was seriously ill for more than a month, unable to ride a horse. From the time of his prolonged convalescence, which kept him in Pativilca until 1824-03-01, is the anecdote of the Granada ambassador Joaquín Mosquera (1787-1878), who visited him then and then said that at the end of the visit and his question on the immediate plans of the Liberator in the midst of such a bleak panorama, Bolívar barely mumbled the expression "Triumph!" by only answer. 1824-02-10 Peru, Lima Bolívar, Dictator in Peru. As the only means at its disposal to avert a desperate situation, the Peruvian Congress designates Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) as Dictator of Peru. The Liberator-President of Colombia urges the government of Bogotá to send the reinforcements so often requested. 1824-04-04 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá Second Ordinary Congress of Colombia opens sessions. Due to insufficient quorum, he was unable to start work on the day prescribed by law (1824-01-02). 1824-07-19 Mexico, Tamaulipas Execution of Iturbide. In 1822-05-19 Agustin de Iturbide was appointed Emperor by the Mexican Congress and ascended to the throne as Agustin I, but his reign was short-lived because in 1823-03 he was forced to abdicate. He went into exile in Italy and England and after a year returned to Mexico (1824-07-14). In 1824-07-19 he was imprisoned and later executed in the town of Padilla (current State of Tamaulipas). Although his brief imperial adventure overshadowed his fame in Mexican historiography, it cannot be ignored that his leadership and the pacts he established in the "Plan of Iguala"(proclaimed 1821-02-24) made Mexican independence possible. The end of the Iturbide Empire led in Mexico to the creation of a Federal Republic based on a Constitution partially inspired by the one promulgated in 1812 for Spain. 1824-07-28 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá The Congress of Colombia strips the Liberator-President of his extraordinary powers. The Congress of Colombia of 1824 issued a law "For the regulation of the services of the army in the national territory and in that of sister nations still in a liberating war against Spain"that, in practice and by repealing the decree of 1821-10-07 that granted him extraordinary powers in the theater of his operations, he effectively stripped the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) of command of the Colombian army in Peru. Bolívar received the news on 1824-10-24 in Huancayo and, acting accordingly, immediately delegated his powers and attributions to General Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830). Santander was sharply criticized for allegedly instigating Congress to issue an inexplicable rule in the circumstances of the time; and that performance was attributed to pettiness and envy of the Granada Vice President for the military successes of the Venezuelan generals Bolívar and Sucre. It is considered that this unjustifiable legalistic move (with the inescapable responsibility of Vice President Santander, 1824-08-06 Peru, Junín Patriot triumph in Junín. The combat between the armies of the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) and the Spanish general José de Canterac (1787-1835) took place around four in the afternoon in a valley near Lake Junín or Chinchaycocha (also called Lake de Reyes) located more than four thousand meters high. The action, favorable to the patriots, lasted a little over an hour and in it they fought with spears and without firing a shot. By the time the infantry arrived under the command of Generals Antonio José de Sucre, Jacinto Lara and José María Córdova, the cavalry had defined the action in a terrain that was very favorable for them. As happened in Boyacá, the field action in Junín was not as great as it was in its effects. It was the first important victory for the patriots in the campaign for the liberation of Peru, and as a consequence, Viceroy José de La Serna (1770-1832; Viceroy of Peru, 1821-1824) lost the Provinces of Tarma, Lima, Huancavélica and Huamanga, in addition to part of Cusco. Canterac hastily withdrew to Huamanga (Ayacucho), where he arrived on 1824-07-26, closely followed by a vanguard of light corps highlighted for this purpose by the Liberator. From there he continued to the southwest to meet with Viceroy La Serna in Cusco. The Liberator arrived in Huamanga in 1824-08-30 and remained there until 1824-09-18, when he left in the direction of the Apurimac River, always in pursuit of Canterac. closely followed by a vanguard of light bodies highlighted for this purpose by the Liberator. From there he continued to the southwest to meet with Viceroy La Serna in Cusco. The Liberator arrived in Huamanga in 1824-08-30 and remained there until 1824-09-18, when he left in the direction of the Apurimac River, always in pursuit of Canterac. closely followed by a vanguard of light bodies highlighted for this purpose by the Liberator. From there he continued to the southwest to meet with Viceroy La Serna in Cusco. The Liberator arrived in Huamanga in 1824-08-30 and remained there until 1824-09-18, when he left in the direction of the Apurimac River, always in pursuit of Canterac. 1824-08-21 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Decree on the conscription of citizens to serve in the military. Decree of the Vice-President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) which regulated matters relating to the conscription of citizens between sixteen and fifty years of age to serve in the military. Some time later, when the Mayor of Venezuela General Juan Escalona (1768-1833) tried to enforce it in his territory, he did not receive any attention from the citizens, which induced in 1826-01-06 the Military Commander of Venezuela General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) to give the order to drive by force to the barracks those they meet on the streets of Caracas. Páez's order gave rise to multiple abuses that were reported to the government in Bogotá. The Colombian Congress took a keen interest in the matter and chose to call General Páez to respond. 1824-10-06 Peru, Sañayca The Liberator delegates the command of the army to Sucre. In the Board of Officers, chaired by the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), faced with the possibility of a patriot setback - at the moment in a minority condition against the combined forces of Viceroy José de La Serna (1770-1832; Viceroy of Peru, 1821-1824) and his generals Jerónimo Valdés (1784-1855) and José de Canterac (1787-1835) - expressing the convenience of the Liberator leaving the command of the army in the field in the Peruvian Andes to descend to the coast to organize a new army with the corps coming from Colombia. Bolívar, upon acceding to the advice of his officers, through his Secretary Tomás de Heres (1795-1842) delegates the supreme command of the army to Major General Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830), whom he empowers"... broadly and unlimitedly to act as circumstances dictate: continue the active operations led by HE [the Liberator] , or station the army ..." The Liberator left Sañayca on 1824-10-08 and arrived in Lima on 1824-12-07. 1824-10-24 Peru, Huancayo Bolívar in campaign stripped of extraordinary powers. He delegates the command of the Liberation Army to Sucre. On the way back from Sañayca to Lima, with explainable feelings of surprise and disgust, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) receives from Bogotá the text of the law approved by the Colombian Congress on 1824-07-28 by the that, by repealing the decree of 1821-10-07 of the Congress of Cúcuta that granted the President of Colombia extraordinary powers in the theater of his operations, he stripped him of command of the Colombian army in Peru with immediate effect. Acting accordingly, Bolívar delegated his powers and attributions to Major General Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) - in whom, since 1824-10-06, he had left the commanding officer of the Colombian army in Sañayca. Thanks to this fortunate chance and the shadowless friendship between the two top Colombian military leaders, the untimely legal provision did not have dire consequences. The army responded emotionally but respectfully to the Colombian Congress from Pichirgua on 1824-11-10. Santander was bitterly criticized as the instigator of an untimely regulation that was blamed on the stinginess and envy of the Granada Vice President in the face of the military successes of the Venezuelan leaders Bolívar and Sucre. It is considered that with this inexplicable legalistic maneuver (of inescapable responsibility of Santander, by action or omission) begins the prolonged agony of the friendship between Bolívar and Santander, which reached a crisis in 1827-03. The army responded emotionally but respectfully to the Colombian Congress from Pichirgua on 1824-11-10. Santander was bitterly criticized as the instigator of an untimely regulation that was blamed on the stinginess and envy of the Granada Vice President in the face of the military successes of the Venezuelan leaders Bolívar and Sucre. It is considered that with this inexplicable legalistic maneuver (of inescapable responsibility of Santander, by action or omission) begins the prolonged agony of the friendship between Bolívar and Santander, which reached a crisis in 1827-03. The army responded emotionally but respectfully to the Colombian Congress from Pichirgua on 1824-11-10. Santander was bitterly criticized as the instigator of an untimely regulation that was blamed on the stinginess and envy of the Granada Vice President in the face of the military successes of the Venezuelan leaders Bolívar and Sucre. It is considered that with this inexplicable legalistic maneuver (of inescapable responsibility of Santander, by action or omission) begins the prolonged agony of the friendship between Bolívar and Santander, which reached a crisis in 1827-03. 1824-12-07 Peru, Lima Bolívar arrives in Lima. Left Sañayca from 1824-10-08, where he left Major General Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) as the supreme command of the army in the campaign in the Peruvian Andes, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) entered Lima, where he is given an effusive reception. On the same day, the Liberator signed his invitation to the Congress of Panama, by means of a circular letter addressed to the Governments of the New Kingdom of Granada, Mexico, Río de la Plata [Argentina], Chile, and Guatemala [Central America]. The Congress of Panama was installed on 1826-06-22. 1824-12-09 Peru, Huamanga / Ayacucho Battle of Ayacucho; liberation of Peru and closure of Bolívar's liberation feat. Brilliant victory of General in Chief Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830), at the head of 5,800 men organized into three Divisions under the command of Generals Jacinto Lara (1778-1859), José María Córdova (1799-1829), and José de La Mar (1776-1830). Sucre faced 9,300 troops from the army of Viceroy José de La Serna (1770-1832; Viceroy of Peru, 1821-1824) seconded by Generals Jerónimo Valdés (1784-1855), Juan Antonio Monet (1782-1837), Alejandro González Villalobos (1784-1854), José de Canterac (1787-1835) and José Manuel de Carratalá Martínez (1792-c1854). The action began around ten o'clock in the morning of 1824-12-09 on a plateau of about 600 by 1,200 meters, located at 3. 500 meters high on a spur of the Eastern Cordillera in the vicinity of Huamanga (a city whose name was changed by Bolívar in 1825 to Ayacucho, in memory of the decisive action) and ended in late afternoon. After the victory, and in the field itself, General Sucre promoted Cordova and Lara to division generals. As was usual with him, he gave generous capitulation to the vanquished. The Spaniards undertook to surrender all of the occupied territories in exchange for full guarantees and the discretionary power to settle in Peru or to withdraw to their country. The patriot triumph put an end to the war in Peru, liberated the vast territory between Guayaquil and El Desaguadero and closed with brilliance Bolívar's liberating feat in America. Viceroy La Serna embarked for Spain in the company of several officers, in 1825-01-03 from Quilca. Upon arrival in his country, he retired to Cadiz, where he died in 1832. As a reward for the resounding triumph, the Colombian Congress confirmed to Sucre the highest rank of General in Chief (which, in the campaign, had already been awarded to him by the Liberator since 1824-10-06), and the Congress of Peru conferred on him the equivalent degree of Grand Marshal of Ayacucho. 1825-01-02 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá Third Ordinary Congress of Colombia opens sessions. For the first time, the Ordinary Congress of Colombia begins its work on the day established by law. 1825-02-09 Bolivia, La Paz Mariscal Sucre summons the Assembly of the Provinces of Upper Peru. Newly arrived in La Paz, sent by the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) to beat an appreciable stronghold of royalist forces commanded by the Basque general Pedro Antonio de Olañeta (1770-1825), a supporter of monarchical absolutism and raised in rebellion. from 1824-01-22 against Viceroy José de La Serna (1770-1832; Viceroy of Peru, 1821-1824), the Grand Marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) summons the four Altoperuanas Provinces (La Paz , Charcas, Potosí, Cochabamba) to meet in a Congress that was to decide the fate of the region. Bolívar disapproved of this decision of his esteemed subordinate and, although he did not publicly disavow him, he reproached him in a private letter (Lima,uti possidetis iure that now the convocation of Sucre was coming to pretermit. 1825-02-10 Peru, Lima Congress of Peru opens sessions; renews the dictatorship of Bolívar. By installing a new legislature, on the precise day of the first anniversary of his inauguration as Dictator of Peru, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) restores the supreme authority to Congress:"... By restoring to Congress the supreme power that it placed in my hands, let me congratulate the people because they have freed themselves from what is most terrible in the world: from war, with the victory of Ayacucho; and from despotism, with my resignation. Banish forever, I beg you, such a tremendous authority, that authority that was the tomb of Rome! It was laudable, without a doubt, that the Congress, to cross horrible abysses and face furious storms, nailed its laws into bayonets of the Liberation Army, but since the Nation has obtained domestic peace and political freedom, it should not allow the laws to rule ... "Ignoring the council, the Congress of Peru unanimously approved a resolution to extend the dictatorial command granted to Bolívar, with absolute discretionary powers in the exercise of power, until the next meeting of Congress in 1826. The Liberator remains in Lima until 1825-04 -10, date on which he begins his journey to Arequipa (1825-05-14 to 1825-06-10) and Upper Peru: Cusco (1825-06-25 to 1825-07-28), La Paz (1825-08- 18 to 1825-09-20), Potosí (1825-10-05 to 1825-11-01), Chuquisaca (1825-11-03 to 1826-01-10), Oruro (1826-01-21 to 1826-01 -23), Arica (1826-02-01 to 1826-02-02) where he embarks back to Lima, where he arrives on 1826-02-07, in time to be present at the installation of Congress for the legislature of 1826. 1825-04-10 Peru, Lima Bolívar begins tour of the southern departments of Peru. The Liberator begins his journey to Arequipa (1825-05-14 to 1825-06-10) and Upper Peru: Cusco (1825-06-25 to 1825-07-28), La Paz (1825-08-18 to 1825- 09-20), Potosí (1825-10-05 to 1825-11-01), Chuquisaca (1825-11-03 to 1826-01-10), Oruro (1826-01-21 to 1826-01-23), Arica (1826-02-01 to 1826-02-02) where he embarked back to Lima, where he arrived on 1826-02-07, in good time to be present at the installation of Congress for the 1826 legislature. 1825-05-09 Argentina, Buenos Aires Buenos Aires does not object to the eventual independence of Upper Peru. The General Constituent Congress of Buenos Aires, by decree of 1825-05-09, declared that "... although the four Provinces of Upper Peru have always belonged to this State, it is the will of the General Constituent Congress that they remain in full freedom to dispose of their luck, as they believe to suit their interests and happiness ... " , clearing the way to Alto-Peruvian independence. 1825-07-09 Bolivia, Chuquisaca Assembly in Chuquisaca declares the independence of Upper Peru. The President of the Deliberative Assembly of the Provinces of Upper Peru José Mariano Serrano (1788-1852) formed a Commission that drafted the Act of Independence, which is dated 1825-08-06 in memory and homage to the triumph of the Liberator in the Battle of Junín (1824-08-06) the year immediately before. 1825-08-06 Bolivia, Chuquisaca Independence of Upper Peru and creation of «Bolivia». The Deliberative Assembly of the Provinces of Upper Peru, summoned by the Grand Marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) from La Paz on 1825-02-09 to meet in Chuquisaca (which he did from 1825- 07-05) decreed in 1825-08-06 (first anniversary of the Battle of Junín) its independence from the old Viceroyalties of Peru and the Río de la Plata. United in a nation, the Altoperuanas Provinces determined that it would receive the name of "Bolivia" in homage to the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar. Sucre, in the absence of Bolívar, would exercise supreme command; what he did until 1826-05-26, when the Constituent Congress was installed, which named him President for Life, a position he accepted for two years and from which he resigned on 1828-08-03. 1825-08-20 Bolivia, Chuquisaca In a secret session, the Deliberative Assembly of the Provinces of Upper Peru decides to request the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), President of Colombia and Dictator of Peru, to undertake the drafting of a Constitution for the newly born (Chuquisaca, 1825-08-06) Republic of Bolivia. From Lima, on 1826-05-25 Bolívar sent the project that he had prepared in deference to the honorable request of the Bolivian Assembly. Received in Chuquisaca 1826-06-14, the text is submitted to the consideration of the first Bolivian Constituent Congress - in sessions since 1826-05-25 - which sanctions the Constitution on 1826-11-06. The first President, Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830; President of Bolivia, 1826-1828) promulgated it on 1826-11-19. 1825-12-09 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Santander declares the Colombian liberation finished. Manifesto of Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) to the peoples of the Republic of the New Kingdom of Granada, by which he proclaims complete the task of liberation of the nation from Spanish rule. It marks the first anniversary of the victory of the Grand Marshal Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) in Ayacucho. 1826-01-02 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá Fourth Ordinary Congress of Colombia opens sessions. As in the previous year, this time the Ordinary Congress of Colombia began its work on the day established by law. 1826-02-07 Peru, Lima Bolívar returns to Lima from his tour of the southern departments of Peru. At the end of the long journey started in the Peruvian capital from 1825-04-10, which led him to visit Arequipa (1825-05-14 to 1825-06-10) and Upper Peru: Cusco (1825-06-25 to 1825 -07-28), La Paz (1825-08-18 to 1825-09-20), Potosí (1825-10-05 to 1825-11-01), Chuquisaca (1825-11-03 to 1826-01-10 ), Oruro (1826-01-21 to 1826-01-23), Arica (1826-02-01 to 1826-02-02) where he embarks back to Lima, the Liberator arrives in good time to be present at the installation of Congress for the 1826 legislature. 1826-02-07 Peru, Lima Installation of the Congress of Peru postponed. Due to lack of a quorum, the Congress of Peru did not open sessions on the scheduled date --in fact, it did not do so for the entire year and it was barely able to meet as of 1827-06-04. The Liberator, back in his nearby suburban residence of La Magdalena since 1826-02-07 at the end of his extensive tour of southern Peru, entered Lima on 1826-02-10 and was welcomed with the usual popular displays of affection. After attending solemn Te Deum , in gratitude for his return to the capital, he went to the Government Palace where, taking General José de La Mar (1776-1830) by the arm, he proposed him as "... man worthy of sending to Peru ... " . 1826-03-15 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar and Santander re-elected for the second constitutional period (1827-1830). The Congress of the New Kingdom of Granada, in ordinary sessions from 1826-01-02 in the church of Santo Domingo in Bogotá, when reviewing the results of the popular elections for the highest executive positions of the Nation for the second constitutional period (for beginning in 1827-01-01) found that the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1793-1830) obtained 583 out of a total of 609 electoral votes, which determined his direct re-election. Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840), although widely preferred by the Electoral Colleges over their most immediate contenders - General Pedro Briceño Méndez (1792-1835; 76 votes), and Dr. José María del Castillo y Rada (1776- 1833; 1826-03-30 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá The Colombian Congress admits an accusation against Páez for excess of functions and calls him to appear in Bogotá. Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) formally communicates to the Military Commander of the Department of Venezuela, General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873), that the Senate of Colombia has admitted accusation against him for excess of his functions when applying in Caracas in 1826-01-06 the decree of 1824-08-21 on military conscription. Consequently, he ordered Páez to appear before the collegiate body in Bogotá. At first, Páez seems to have been willing to agree to the request, according to his communication dated 1826-04-29 in Valencia. But perhaps offended by Santander's decision to temporarily appoint the Mayor of Venezuela as his replacement, General Juan Manuel de Escalona Arguinzones (1768-1833), who had been one of his accusers, chose to bow to the opinion of those in his immediate surroundings who advised him to ignore the provisions of the government of Bogotá. Among those who thought so was Dr. Miguel Francisco Peña Páez (1781-1833), suspended from his post as magistrate of the High Court of Justice in Bogotá for his performance in the notorious trial against Venezuelan colonel Leonardo Infante (1785-1826 ), and who now served as Director of the"Lion of Apure" . 1826-04-30 Venezuela, Valencia Valencia rebellion. In Valencia (Venezuela), the rebellion of General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) broke out against the order of the Congress of the New Kingdom of Granada, officially transmitted in 1826-03-30 by Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) , to appear in the Colombian capital in order to render explanations about his conduct when applying in Caracas on 1826-01-06 the decree of 1824-08-21 on military conscription. The Municipal Council of the city of Valencia requires Fernando Peñalver (1765-1837), Governor of the Province of Carabobo, of which Valencia was the capital, to replace General Páez in the Military Command of Venezuela, which he had handed over to respond to the call of Congress in Bogotá. Peñalver, personal friend of the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) and a supporter of Páez, he declared himself legally unable to contradict an order of the national Executive. By popular acclaim, Páez assumed the civil and military command of Venezuela. This amounted to a coup d'état and placed General Páez in open rebellion against Vice President Santander and the Colombian Congress. The Chief of Staff, Francisco Carabaño y Ponte (1781-1848), sent orders to all the garrisons to recognize the General Commander and the Valencia Council distributed a copy of the act among the provincial authorities. Páez for his part wrote to Santander to inform him of the situation. Known at the time by the name of This amounted to a coup d'état and placed General Páez in open rebellion against Vice President Santander and the Colombian Congress. The Chief of Staff, Francisco Carabaño y Ponte (1781-1848), sent orders to all the garrisons to recognize the General Commander and the Valencia Council distributed a copy of the act among the provincial authorities. Páez for his part wrote to Santander to inform him of the situation. Known at the time by the name of This amounted to a coup d'état and placed General Páez in open rebellion against Vice President Santander and the Colombian Congress. The Chief of Staff, Francisco Carabaño y Ponte (1781-1848), sent orders to all the garrisons to recognize the General Commander and the Valencia Council distributed a copy of the act among the provincial authorities. Páez for his part wrote to Santander to inform him of the situation. Known at the time by the name of Páez for his part wrote to Santander to inform him of the situation. Known at the time by the name of Páez for his part wrote to Santander to inform him of the situation. Known at the time by the name of"La Cosiata" , this manifestation of the Venezuelan popular discontent towards the government of Bogotá would soon lead to the break between Santander and Bolívar; and, later, in the disintegration of the Colombian Union and the proscription of the Liberator from Venezuelan territory - the latter circumstance that, possibly, accelerated his death. 1826-05-25 Bolivia, Chuquisaca Installation of the Constituent Congress of Bolivia. In a secret session on 1825-08-20, the Deliberative Assembly of the Provinces of Upper Peru decided to request the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), President of Colombia and Dictator of Peru, to undertake the drafting of a Constitution for the newborn ( Chuquisaca, 1825-08-06) Republic of Bolivia. From Lima, in 1826-05-25 Bolívar sent with his aide Belford H. Wilson (1804-1858) the project that he had prepared in deference to the honorable request of the Bolivian Assembly. Received in Chuquisaca 1826-06-14, the text is submitted to the consideration of the first Bolivian Constituent Congress - in sessions since 1826-05-25 - which sanctions the Constitution on 1826-11-06. 1826-06-14 Bolivia, Chuquisaca Constituent Congress of Bolivia receives draft Constitution requested from Bolívar. In a secret session of 1825-08-20, the Deliberative Assembly decided to request the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), President of Colombia and Dictator of Peru, to undertake the drafting of a Constitution for the newborn (Chuquisaca, 1825-08-06 ) Republic of Bolivia. From Lima, in 1826-05-25 Bolívar sent with his aide Belford H. Wilson (1804-1858) the project prepared in deference to the obligatory and honorable request of the Bolivian Assembly. Received in Chuquisaca 1826-06-14, the text was submitted to the consideration of the first Constituent Congress of Bolivia -in sessions from 1826-05-25- which sanctioned in 1826-11-06 the Constitution drafted by the Liberator. 1826-06-22 Panama, Panama City Installation of the «Amphictyonic Congress» in Panama. Delegates from the New Kingdom of Granada, Mexico, Central America and Peru attend, as well as observers from England and the Netherlands. The United States did not attend, as one of its delegates died on the way (Cartagena, 1826-07-24) and the other arrived after it had been decided to continue deliberations in Tacubaya, near Mexico City, to escape the insanity of the site. original. Congress was in session until 1826-07-15. The change of venue did not have the approval of the Liberator-President or the government of Colombia. Congress had no practical effect. 1826-06-28 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Santander declares internal commotion. Decree of Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) establishing that "... the Valencia tumult of April 30 [1826] , the consequences of which have interrupted the march of the political system proclaimed, received and sworn by the entire nation, is a true armed insurrection that threatens the security of the Republic and puts the Executive Branch in the case of Article 128 of the Constitution ... " The aforementioned article granted extraordinary powers to the Executive Branch in cases of internal commotion or foreign invasion, limited to the places and times strictly necessary. 1826-08-18 Peru, Lima Electoral College of Lima approves the Bolivian Constitution. Drafted by Bolívar himself, it was not discussed by the Peruvian Congress - which in 1826 did not meet, and was only left in the Preparatory Boards because the same deputies asked Bolívar to postpone the convocation until the following year - nor was it a popular consultation was called, as Bolívar had apparently offered to do so, but its approval was submitted to the 58 Electoral Colleges of the Republic. In 1826-08-18 it was granted by the Electoral College of Lima and, successively, the Provinces did the same. Thus, the Bolivian Constitution achieved unanimous approval, provided that Bolívar was the first President for Life of Peru, and so declared the Governing Council of Peru in 1826-11-30, in the absence of the Liberator, 1826-09-01 Peru, Lima Bolívar delegates command to Peru. On the third anniversary of his arrival in Peru (El Callao, 1823-09-01) --which is celebrated in Lima with great pomp-- the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) signs a decree appointing the President of the Council of Government, General Andrés de Santa Cruz (1762-1865), and the Ministers of the Office to replace him in the government of Peru while he travels to Colombia to attend the call of Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) . Santander has required the presence of Bolívar to avert the crisis unleashed after the Venezuelan pronouncement in Valencia (1826-04-30) against the decision of the Colombian Congress to call General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) to answer for charges of overreach of functions in the application of a decree on military conscription. 1826-09-03 Peru, El Callao Bolívar leaves Peru. Called by Tyrians and Trojans as the only one capable of restoring the order altered by the events in Valencia (1826-04-30), the Liberator-President of Colombia and Dictator of Peru Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) leaves his official residence in La Magdalena, close to Lima, to return to Bogotá on the way to Caracas. Almost exactly three years after his arrival in Peru (El Callao, 1823-09-01), on 1826-09-03 Bolívar embarked in El Callao bound for Guayaquil --from where he had sailed in 1823-08-02 and where it arrives on 1826-09-12. In 1826-09-19 he continued to Quito (1826-09-28 to 1826-10-06), Pasto (1826-10-13 to 1826-15), Popayán (1826-10-23 to 1826-10-30) , Neiva (1826-11-05 to 1826-11-06), to finally arrive in Bogotá on 1826-11-14. 1826-09-12 Ecuador, Guayaquil Bolívar arrives in Guayaquil. Left El Callao on 1826-09-03, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) landed in Guayaquil (from where he had sailed for El Callao a little more than three years ago, on 1823-08-02). He is greeted with enthusiasm because his return to the country allows us to hope that it will put an end to the discords that threaten the Colombian Union. At the reception ceremony, before the Municipality of Guayaquil and local personalities, the Mayor of Guayaquil Colonel Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera (1798-1878), handed over the certificate signed by prominent military and civil personalities of the Province, by which proclaims the dictatorship of the Liberator. At the moment, Bolívar is against the popular pronouncement and orders that the constitutional regime remain in force throughout the Department. 1826-09-13 Ecuador, Guayaquil Bolívar greets Colombia from Guayaquil. Left El Callao in 1826-09-03 and disembarked in 1826-09-12 in Guayaquil (from where he had sailed for El Callao a little more than three years ago, in 1823-08-02), the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783 -1830) greets Colombia with a proclamation of greeting, which concludes with these words:"... In your struggle there is only one culprit: I am. I have not come in time: Two friendly Republics, daughters of our victories, have held me spellbound with immense gratitudes and immortal rewards. I present myself as the victim of your sacrifice: Unload your blows on me; they will be pleasing to me if they satisfy your rancor. Colombians! I tread on the soil of the Homeland: Let the scandal of your outrages cease, then the crime of your disunity. There is no more Venezuela. more Cundinamarca. I am Colombian and we all will be, or death will cover the deserts left by anarchy. " 1826-11-06 Bolivia, Chuquisaca Constituent Congress of Bolivia sanctions the Constitution drawn up by the Liberator. In a secret session of 1825-08-20, the Deliberative Assembly decided to request the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), President of Colombia and Dictator of Peru, to undertake the drafting of a Constitution for the newborn (Chuquisaca, 1825-08-06 ) Republic of Bolivia. From Lima, in 1826-05-25 Bolívar sent with his aide Belford H. Wilson (1804-1858) the project prepared in deference to the obligatory and honorable request of the Bolivian Assembly. Received in Chuquisaca 1826-06-14, the text was submitted to the consideration of the first Bolivian Constituent Congress - in sessions from 1826-05-25 - which sanctioned the Constitution on 1826-11-06. The Grand Marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) is elected President for Life; 1826-11-14 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar in Bogotá. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) on his return trip to Bogotá from Lima (begun in 1826-09-03) arrives in Bogotá —from where he had left almost five years ago, in 1821-12-13 to command in Southern Campaign person. In the town of Fontibón, two leagues from the Colombian capital, the welcoming address of the Intendant-Governor of the Department, Colonel José María Ortega y Nariño (1796-1860) visibly upset the Liberator, who chose to continue his march without waiting for the greeting completion. The news about Bolívar's behavior since his arrival in Guayaquil and throughout his long journey to Bogotá have spoiled the climate of his relations with Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840).These guarantees of our own experience are of such magnitude that it would be a trait of recklessness to postpone them to any prospect of goods that, however flattering it may be supposed, still exist only in the imagination. This is the persuasion we are in, these are the hopes that are already formed. Public opinion is the queen of the world; and he who always marched on the wings of this public opinion, he who owes him his eminent glory, will never pretend to crash against it ... " Bolívar's dispositions during the short time of his stay in the capital did not help to improve things, inasmuch as they did not seem to spring from a conciliatory spirit but from his dissatisfaction with the administration that Santander had been directing since 1819-08. Bolívar remained in Bogotá only until 1826-11-25, when he left for Venezuela via Cúcuta. He will return on 1827-09-10. 1826-11-18 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar presents an organizational plan for the New Kingdom of Granada, Peru and Bolivia. In the Governing Council, meeting in his villa on the outskirts of the capital next to the Monserrate hill, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) exposes to the Vice President and the Secretaries of the Presidential Office his thought of establishing between the New Kingdom of Granada , Peru and Bolivia a great Confederation of nations, each with its independent government, under the supreme authority of the Chief, who would be Bolívar himself, who would command the arms of the union and would be President of the State in which he resided. He adds that Peru and Bolivia are in agreement with the project, if Colombia approves it. 1826-11-19 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá Bolívar confirms the Secretaries of the Presidential Office in their positions. Before leaving the capital on a trip to Venezuela, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) inadmissible the resignation presented by the Secretaries of the Office --Jose María del Castillo y Rada (1776-1835), Treasury; José Manuel Restrepo (1781-1863), Interior; José Rafaél Revenga (1786-1852), Foreign Relations; Carlos Soublette (1789-1870), Guerra-- "... and, on the contrary, I wish that they continue their important services until executing those reforms that the Nation demands and its capacity can carry out ..." 1826-11-23 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar resumes command in Colombia and delegates Executive Power to Santander in his absence. Back in Bogotá from 1826-11-14, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) resumes command in the New Kingdom of Granada, in addition to the extraordinary powers provided for in article 128 of the Constitution. He delegates to the Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) the Executive Power, including extraordinary powers, so that the Vice President may exercise them in the national territory where the President cannot exercise them immediately. In 1826-11-25, the Liberator-President left Bogotá for Venezuela via Cúcuta. He will return on 1827-09-10. 1826-11-30 Peru, Lima Governing Council of Peru approves the Bolivian Constitution. In recess of the Congress of Peru - which did not meet in 1826 - and in the absence of the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), who left El Callao on 1826-09-03, the Governing Council of Peru, accepting as its own the unanimous decision of the Electoral Colleges of the Republic, approves for the Republic of Peru the Bolivian Constitution, drawn up by the Liberator, and declares that "... The Lifetime Constitution is the Fundamental Law of Peru; and HE is the Dictator Simón Bolívar the President for Life of the Republic ... " Already in 1826-11-06 it had been approved by the Bolivian Constituent Congress, which elected the Grand Marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) as the first Life President of Bolivia, with the condition that Bolívar would exercise supreme power each time he made an appearance on their territory. This Constitution was short-lived; It was repealed on 1827-01-27. 1826-12-11 New Kingdom of Granada, Cúcuta Bolívar in Cúcuta. He orders Páez to obedience. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), left Bogotá (1826-11-25) in the direction of Caracas, arrived in Cúcuta. From there he wrote to General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873): "... For Colonel Ibarra and Urbaneja, Your Excellency has sent me to propose a Crown that I have despised as I should have. Both General Mariño and Carabaño, Rivas and Others have written to me in the same vein, urging me to make myself a Sovereign Prince. It is foolish to attribute such a project to me ... " ; then, after a fleeting recount of shared memories, he assures her that "... it seems that Providence condemns my personal enemies to perdition ..." , while urging Páez to persevere in his friendship. The "León de Apure" , raised against Bolívar himself, had announced that when the Liberator visited Venezuela he would do so as a "simple citizen" and sent Miguel Peña (1781-1833) and José Hilario to the border to meet Bolívar. Sistiaga (1789-1861) as emissaries. Bolivar did return to Trujillo and emphatically rejected the attitude of the burrowing head, refusing to believe what he termed infamy, he wrote, "... it would be a thousand times larger by the ingratitude that betrayal ..." He remembered how all her they owed everything in Venezuela and how without his services and the victories he obtained"... You, my dear general, and the brave army would not be commanding Venezuela ..." Bolívar concluded by saying that "... there is no legitimate authority in Venezuela but mine, it is understood supreme. The Vice President [Santander] himself He no longer sends anything here as my decree says. There will no longer be a reason for complaint or disobedience ... " The Liberator continues to Maracaibo, where he arrived in 1826-12-16. 1826-12-19 Venezuela, Maracaibo Bolívar in Maracaibo. Offer to convene Grand National Convention. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) issues a decree placing under his immediate orders the Departments of Maturín, Venezuela, Orinoco, and Zulia, and ordering that hostilities between contending parties cease. He announces that upon his arrival in Caracas he will summon the Electoral Colleges "... to declare when, where, and in what terms they want to celebrate the Great National Convention ..." The Liberator continues to Puerto Cabello, where he arrived in 1826-12 -31. 1826-12-31 Venezuela, Puerto Cabello Bolívar in Puerto Cabello. Decree general amnesty. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), left Bogotá (1826-11-25) in the direction of Caracas via Cúcuta, arrived in Puerto Cabello. In use of his extraordinary powers, he decrees a broad amnesty for all those involved in the rebellion that originated in the events in Valencia (1826-04-30); provides that his authority as President of the Republic be recognized and that any act of hostility be tried as a State crime; confirms General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) as Superior Chief of Venezuela, and General Santiago Mariño (1788-1854) as Mayor and General Commander of Maturín. It offers, against what was agreed with the Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) before his departure from Bogotá, gather a Grand National Convention to decide the fate of the Republic. By taking this step, in his effort to contain Páez, Bolívar incurred in flagrant violation of the Constitution of 1821 that inhibited its modification before ten years of validity; and it led, in fact, to the separation of Colombia and Venezuela. To increase the grievance against Vice President Santander, Páez's request that his conduct be subjected to public trial deserved from the Liberator the surprising response of considering it unnecessary since Páez,"... far from being guilty, he is the Savior of the Nation ..." Knowing that General José Antonio Páez was afraid of going to meet him, Bolívar reminded him that, in his day, the Peacemaker Pablo Morillo (1775-1837) did not he distrusted his loyalty to the word he promised. Bolívar continues to Valencia, where he arrives on 1827-01-04. 1827-01-04 Venezuela, Valencia Bolívar in Valencia. Emotional meeting with Páez. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), left Bogotá (1826-11-25) bound for Caracas via Cúcuta, Maracaibo, Coro and Puerto Cabello, arrived in Valencia. Bolívar's meeting with General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873), a partner in so many military actions in the past, was emotional; and it was said then that the embrace of the two chiefs drowned the civil war. Páez entertained Bolívar with a well-attended banquet in his own home. From Valencia the Liberator continued via La Victoria (1827-01-08) to Caracas, where he arrived on 1827-01-10. 1827-01-10 Venezuela, Caracas Bolívar's last visit to Caracas. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) enters his native Caracas by open car, accompanied by General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873). Received in triumph, he remained in the capital until 1827-07-05, when he left for La Guaira to embark for Cartagena de Indias. 1827-01-13 Venezuela, Caracas Bolívar is publicly reconciled with Páez. In the midst of a tribute offered in his honor by the Municipality of Caracas, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) made a public demonstration of reconciliation with the “León de Apure” , General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873). In an excessive gesture Bolívar gave Páez the honorary sword that he received from the people and government of Peru as a souvenir of the triumph in Ayacucho. Bolívar's prodigality towards Páez could not but be considered offensive in Bogotá, while his deference towards the Venezuelan rebels hurt the feelings of the people of Granada. 1827-01-26 Peru, Lima Mutiny in the Third Division of the Colombian Auxiliary Army of Peru, led by the rebel Commander José Bustamante, a native of Granada from the Province of El Socorro, who was its Chief of Staff. Generals Jacinto Lara (1778-1859) and Arturo Sandes (1793-1832), along with seventeen other officers, were sent to El Callao to be shipped to Buenaventura, while eighty-five other officers signed an act of submission to the Constitution of 1821. Bustamante justified his conduct by claiming that he defended legality, broken by the acts that supported the dictatorship of the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) as well as by the rebellion of General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) in Venezuela . In a ceremony performed before Cristóbal de Armero (1790-?), Charge d'Affaires of Colombia in Lima, the rebels took an oath in the same direction and dispatched emissaries to Bogotá to report the event to the government. For General José María Córdova (1799-1829), Bustamante's true purpose was to obtain repatriation. The rebel Division embarked for Guayaquil. There, about half of the rebels remained, while the rest re-embarked (1827-03-10), separating into two columns: one, under the command of Colonel Antonio Elizalde, headed north towards Manta; the other, led by José Bustamante, headed south and landed in Paita to go to Loja and Cuenca. They reached their ports of destination in the early days of 1827-04. For General José María Córdova (1799-1829), Bustamante's true purpose was to obtain repatriation. The rebel Division embarked for Guayaquil. There, about half of the rebels remained, while the rest re-embarked (1827-03-10), separating into two columns: one, under the command of Colonel Antonio Elizalde, headed north towards Manta; the other, led by José Bustamante, headed south and landed in Paita to go to Loja and Cuenca. They reached their ports of destination in the early days of 1827-04. For General José María Córdova (1799-1829), Bustamante's true purpose was to obtain repatriation. The rebel Division embarked for Guayaquil. There, about half of the rebels remained, while the rest re-embarked (1827-03-10), separating into two columns: one, under the command of Colonel Antonio Elizalde, headed north towards Manta; the other, led by José Bustamante, headed south and landed in Paita to go to Loja and Cuenca. They reached their ports of destination in the early days of 1827-04. He headed north towards Manta; the other, led by José Bustamante, headed south and landed in Paita to go to Loja and Cuenca. They reached their ports of destination in the early days of 1827-04. He headed north towards Manta; the other, led by José Bustamante, headed south and landed in Paita to go to Loja and Cuenca. They reached their ports of destination in the early days of 1827-04. 1827-01-27 Peru, Lima Cabildo de Lima repeals Bolivian Constitution. The Bolivian Constitution, approved in 1826-11-30, was short-lived in Peru: The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) absent from Peruvian soil since 1826-09-03, the anti-Bolivarian reaction broke out in Lima (1827- 01-26 to 27) from an uprising among the Colombian auxiliary troops that led to a civic uprising under the leadership of Lima jurists Manuel Lorenzo de Vidaurre (1773-1841) and Francisco Javier Mariátegui (1793-1884). The Cabildo de Lima met and, among other provisions, repealed the Lifetime Constitution considering that it had been approved illegitimately by the Electoral Colleges, lacking the powers to do so. Consequently, it was determined to provisionally restore the Constitution of 1823, with some restrictions, 1827-02-06 Venezuela, Caracas Bolívar resigns the Presidency of Colombia. Through a message to Congress, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) announces his decision to resign from the high office with the request that his will be respected. The Vice President does the same on 1827-04-25. On 1827-06-06 the Congress inadmitted both resignations. 1827-03-09 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá Vice President Santander and the Colombian capital receive in triumph the emissaries of the rebel Commander Bustamante. Lieutenants Agustín Lersundi and Manuel Bravo, emissaries of the rebel Commander José Bustamante, Chief of Staff of the Third Division of the Colombian Army Auxiliar del Perú, who rebelled in Lima on 1827-01-26, arrived in Bogotá. Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander publicly showed his complacency during the popular demonstrations of jubilation that followed the announcement of the rebellion against the dictatorship. In a session of 1827-03-12, the Governing Council was formally informed of the events in Lima. 1827-03-15 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá Government of Colombia approves the conduct of Commander Bustamante. General Carlos Soublette, Minister of War, on behalf of the Government of Colombia officially approves the conduct of the rebel Commander José Bustamante, Chief of Staff of the Third Division of the Colombian Army Auxiliar del Peru. 1827-03-19 Venezuela, Caracas End of a friendship. Bolivar suspends private correspondence with Santander. In a letter from Caracas, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) ends his friendship with Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840). Bolívar's missive is not preserved in any archive and its date remains imprecise: that of 1827-03-16 appears in Bolívar's postscript (written in his own hand) to a letter addressed that same day to General Carlos Soublette; The date 1827-03-19 is cited by Santander in his reply of 1827-04-29. The way in which the Liberator-President handled the rebellion of General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) ended up exacerbating the crisis of personal relations between Bolívar and Santander, which, for various reasons, They had been cooling at least since the issuance by the Congress of Colombia of the law of 1824-07-28 that left Bolívar without command in the Liberation Army while advancing the liberation campaign of Peru. More recently Bolívar, perhaps informed of the inexplicable reaction in Bogotá to the uprising in Lima of Commander José Bustamante, communicated to Santander his decision to terminate the long friendship that united them, requesting that from now on his correspondence be limited to the official business. The end of the friendship between the two high chiefs was as great a loss for both as it was for the Republic. Bolívar himself had to recognize it this way when, years later, on his way into exile and near the end of his days, he wrote to General Rafael Urdaneta from Barranquilla in 1830-11-16 that perhaps informed of the inexplicable reaction in Bogotá to the uprising in Lima by Commander José Bustamante, he communicated to Santander his decision to terminate the long friendship that united them, requesting that from now on his correspondence be limited to official business. The end of the friendship between the two high chiefs was as great a loss for both as it was for the Republic. Bolívar himself had to recognize it this way when, years later, on his way into exile and near the end of his days, he wrote to General Rafael Urdaneta from Barranquilla in 1830-11-16 that perhaps informed of the inexplicable reaction in Bogotá to the uprising in Lima by Commander José Bustamante, he communicated to Santander his decision to terminate the long friendship that united them, requesting that from now on his correspondence be limited to official business. The end of the friendship between the two high chiefs was as great a loss for both as it was for the Republic. Bolívar himself had to recognize it this way when, years later, on his way into exile and near the end of his days, he wrote to General Rafael Urdaneta from Barranquilla in 1830-11-16 that The end of the friendship between the two high chiefs was as great a loss for both as it was for the Republic. Bolívar himself had to recognize it this way when, years later, on his way into exile and near the end of his days, he wrote to General Rafael Urdaneta from Barranquilla in 1830-11-16 that The end of the friendship between the two high chiefs was as great a loss for both as it was for the Republic. Bolívar himself had to recognize it this way when, years later, on his way into exile and near the end of his days, he wrote to General Rafael Urdaneta from Barranquilla in 1830-11-16 that"... not having made up with Santander has lost us all ...". 1827-04-25 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Santander resigns the Vice Presidency of Colombia; Inadmissible by Congress, he is urged to swear in office. Through a message to Congress, Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) announced his decision to resign from the high office with the urgent request that his will be respected. The Liberator-President had done the same from Caracas, on 1827-02-06. On 1826-06-06 Congress inadmissible both resignations. Urged by Congress, which refused to adjourn the session until it appeared, Santander appeared at the venue at eight o'clock at night and, after taking the oath of rigor before the President of Congress Luis Andrés Baralt, delivered a speech that concluded with the following words:"... I renew here, in the presence of the august National Representation, the profession of my political faith: I will uphold the Constitution, as long as it is the code of Colombia; my heart will always be pure and disinterested and my soul will always be free; my will it will be that of the Colombian people legitimately expressed; my obedience and submission will be to the law and the duly constituted authorities; my sacrifices and efforts will be unalterable for the independence and freedom of Colombia ... " 1827-05-02 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá Fifth Ordinary Congress of Colombia opens sessions. The fifth and last constitutional legislature of Colombia could not open sessions on the day prescribed by law. In order to complete the quorum of 25 senators, he had to move to Tunja, where one of them (Alonso Usacátegui) was ill for whose life he feared. This legislature, unstalada in that city on 1827-05-02, elected Luis Andrés Baralt as President of the Senate and Domingo Caicedo as Vice President. 1827-06-06 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Inadmissibility of the resignations of Bolívar and Santander. The Congress of Colombia considers the resignations presented to the high positions for which they were re-elected in 1826-03-15, by the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (Caracas, 1827-02-06) and by Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (Bogotá, 1827-04-25), and decides not to admit them: that of Bolívar, by 50-24 votes; and that of Santander, by 60-4 votes. Santander had sworn the position in 1827-04-25; Bolívar will do it on 1827-09-10. 1827-06-20 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá Congress of Colombia suspends extraordinary powers to the Executive Power. Considering that the constitutional and legal order of the Republic should be fully restored, a law of the Congress of Colombia terminates the extraordinary powers granted pro tempore to the Executive Power so that it could promptly and adequately address the needs arising from the war situation. inherent in the independence process. Congress rejected the objection of Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander and his suggestion in favor of gradually restoring normality instead of doing it all at once. 1827-07-03 Venezuela, Caracas Bolívar appoints Páez as Superior Chief of Venezuela. On the eve of his return to the New Kingdom of Granada, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) designates by decree General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) as Superior Chief of Venezuela with supreme civil and military command in the Departments of Venezuela, Maturín and Orinoco, in direct dependence on the Liberator-President himself. This disposition of Bolívar broke the constitutional order of the Republic of Colombia. 1827-07-05 Venezuela, La Guaira Bolívar embarks back to Bogotá. Concluding what would be the last visit to his hometown, begun in 1827-01-10 and for which he had left Bogotá from 1826-11-25, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) embarks from La Guaira, in an English frigate and accompanied by the English minister Sir Alexander Cockburn, bound for Cartagena. Bolívar disembarks in 1827-07-10 in Cartagena de Indias, and begins a slow journey back to Bogotá via Turbaco (1827-07-28), Mompox (1827-08-15), Bucaramanga (1827-08-28) , until reaching the Colombian capital on 1827-09-10. 1827-07-24 Ecuador, Guayaquil New President of Peru leaves Guayaquil for Lima. General José de La Mar (1776-1830), appointed President of Peru, embarks in Guayaquil bound for Lima. 1827-07-25 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Call for the Convention of Ocaña. At the request of the Liberator-President - and against the opinion of the Vice President, who objected to the initiative - the Congress of Colombia convenes a Great National Convention to proceed to reform the Constitution of 1821. It will meet in Ocaña, starting in 1828 -03-02. Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander objected to the initiative out of respect for the provision of the Constitution of 1821, which stipulated an express prohibition for it to be modified before the ten years of its validity; but Congress insisted on its convocation. The same Congress later ruled that whoever was exercising the Executive Power could not attend the deliberations of the Great Convention. 1827-09-10 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar, back in Bogotá, is sworn in as President before Congress. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), embarked from La Guaira (1827-07-05) for Cartagena, arrives in the Colombian capital from Caracas where he had traveled from 1826-11-25 at the request of Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) to see to appease General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873), who rebelled against the central government from 1826-04-30. From Zipaquirá, Bolívar sent notice the day before to the President of the Senate, Vicente Antonio Borrero y Costa (1784-1877), so that the Congress of Colombia would be ready to receive the oath as President upon his arrival, for his second constitutional term started on 1827-01-01. After the ceremony, Bolívar went to the Government House where Vice President Santander and the Secretaries of the Office were waiting for him. Once the formalities of rigor were concluded, Santander withdrew after delivering to the Liberator-President his request to order an investigation into the alleged participation of the Vice President in doubtful transactions in relation to the notorious English loan of 1824, which for years had been the talk of the people, both in the Colombian capital and outside of it. Unfortunately, Bolívar, who had been so quick to exonerate Páez in Venezuela, did not do so with regard to Santander in Colombia. Thus, instead of reiterating his confidence in the Vice President, he chose to transfer the petition to Congress. This attitude by Bolívar increased the already obvious distance between the two heroes. 1827-11-05 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Attack on Vicente Azuero. At noon on 1827-11-05 and in a central street in the capital, the well-known public man and journalist Vicente Azuero (1787-1844), director of the pro-constitutional publication "El Conductor", was the victim of a minor attack at the hands of of the rude Venezuelan llanero colonel José Bolívar (? - 1828; without kinship ties with General Bolívar) who tried to break the fingers of the journalist's right hand to prevent him from continuing to write against the ideas and acts of the Liberator-President. The fortunate appearance of the young and impetuous General José María Córdova (1799-1829), who intervened without hesitation and ordered the attacker to immediately suspend his inconsiderate action, prevented the matter from escaping. The subsequent complaint of the affected did not find an echo in the high government. 1828-02-16 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Santander leaves for Ocaña. General Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840), accompanied by some of the deputies of his party, leaves the capital for Ocaña, where as of 1828-03-02 the Great National Convention called by the Congress of Colombia from 1827-07-25. The disposition of Congress, forbidding anyone in the exercise of Executive Power to attend Ocaña, affected the Liberator-President but not the Vice President, who, although elected as a deputy by a plural number of Provinces, chose to represent the capital. 1828-02-19 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar assumes extraordinary powers over Venezuela. From 1827-11, news was reaching Bogotá about the imminence of a presumed new Spanish expedition to Venezuela under the command of General Francisco Tomás Morales (1781-1845), head of very ungrateful remembrance for his participation in the wars of independence. Rumors had led to uprisings in favor of the Monarchy in some parts of Venezuelan territory, but General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) had quelled these rebellious attempts. In striking coincidence,restore tranquility in the neighboring Department of Venezuela. By decree, Bolívar assumed extraordinary powers in the Departments of Maturín, Venezuela, Orinoco and Zulia. In 1827-03-13, the geographical coverage was extended to the entire territory of the Republic with the exception of the canton of Ocaña, seat of the Great Convention. 1828-02-20 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Decree against conspirators. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar, in use of the extraordinary powers assumed the day before, issues the so-called "Decree against conspirators" defining the crimes of treason and conspiracy, and establishing procedures for the trial of the guilty. This decree will be applied to those involved in the conspiracy of 1828-09-25 against the life of the Liberator himself. 1828-03-01 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Padilla rebels in Cartagena. In 1828-03-01, Admiral José Prudencio Padilla (1784-1828) took command of the Plaza de Cartagena. It remains in rebellion against the legitimate authority of General Mariano Montilla (1782-1851) until 1828-03-07. 1828-03-12 New Kingdom of Granada, Ocaña Padilla in Ocaña, justifies itself before the Convention and offers its protection. Report of Admiral José Prudencio Padilla to the Convention in Ocaña about the recent events in Cartagena de Indias. Padilla adds his report with the offer of his services, unsolicited, of protection to the august assembly. 1828-03-14 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar leaves Bogotá. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), arguing the growing danger of invasion of reconquest and the internal commotion originated in the "past troubles", expanded the scope of its extraordinary powers to the entire territory of the Republic of Colombia with the sole exception of the canton of Ocaña in the Province of Mompox, the meeting place of the Great National Convention. Before leaving Bogotá, Bolívar established a Governing Council to take over the administrative functions of the Executive Branch in his absence. In 1828-03-14 Bolívar left the capital ostensibly bound for Venezuela, as he had announced to his sister Maria Antonia Bolívar y Palacios (1777-1842), General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873), and several Venezuelan politicians. . He traveled through Tunja (1828-03-19), Soatá (1828-03-26), Bucaramanga (1828-03-31). 1828-03-31 New Kingdom of Granada, Bucaramanga Bolívar in Bucaramanga. He gives up continuing his trip to Venezuela. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar, who left Bogotá in 1828-03-14 bound for Venezuela, arrives in Bucaramanga. Stating that he had received reassuring news from General José Antonio Páez on his way through Soatá (1828-03-25) regarding the situation in Venezuela, who reported calmly to the point of not specifying his presence, Bolívar determined to stop in Bucaramanga. In contravention of the legal provisions in force that prevented him from attending the Great Convention called to meet in Ocaña, the Liberator-President wants to stay close to that town. Their intention to be in a position to find out immediately what happens within the Convention in order to try to influence its decisions cannot be concealed. Bolívar managed to stay in Bucaramanga for seventy days. A record of his stay remains written by the French colonel Luis Perú de la Croix (1780-1837), published partially years later in Paris (1869 and 1912) as"Diario de Bucaramanga" 1828-04-09 New Kingdom of Granada, Ocaña Installation of the Ocaña Convention. In the church of San Francisco in Ocaña, at nine in the morning of 1828-04-09, sixty-eight deputies met for the inauguration ceremony of the Great National Convention called by the Congress of Colombia from 1827-07-25 to meet in Ocaña from 1828-03-02. After the Te Deumdeliberations began de rigueur. Dr. Francisco Soto, head of the Preparatory Board, gave a short speech. The deputies (who would later rise to 74) were grouped in one of three trends: supporters of Bolívar, supporters of Santander, and independents. For President of the Great Convention and for a first period of fifteen days, the Bolivarian deputy from Granada José María del Castillo y Rada (1786-1833) was chosen by vote (33-31, facing Santander) with the Vice President of the independent Venezuelan Andrés Narvarte ( 1781-1853). The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar sent a Message to the Great National Conventionwith its dubbed aide-de-camp of permanent observer, Irish Colonel Daniel F. O'Leary (c1800-1854). A Commission was formed to draft the new Constitution, made up of the deputies Vicente Azuero, José María del Real, Francisco Soto, Romualdo Liévano and Francisco de Paula López Aldana. Each side presented its project: Vicente Azuero for the Santanderists, and Castillo and Rada for the Bolivarians. The controversy became unmanageable from the beginning. The Credentials Qualification Board for the National Convention, made up of the deputies present in Ocaña for the original date of the call (1828-03-02), had carried out its work with just a couple of incidents. The first related to a response to Admiral José Prudencio Padilla (1784-1828) who, escaped after his uprising against General Mariano Montilla (1782-1851) in Cartagena, he had appeared in Ocaña offering unsolicited protection to the Convention. The other, more serious, originated in the disqualification of Dr. Miguel Francisco Peña Páez (1781-1833), elected deputy for the Province of Valencia and who was denied the credential because he wassub judice before the Colombian Senate in two proceedings for improper conduct. 1828-04-18 Bolivia, Chuquisaca Attack against Sucre. At six o'clock in the morning a mutiny broke out in the small garrison of Chuquisaca (since the auxiliary troops had already left for Colombia), led by an Argentine sergeant surnamed Cainzo with the complicity of two Peruvian sergeants instigated by General Agustín Gamarra (1785- 1841) who, long ago, had intentions to invade Bolivia. The President Grand Marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) comes accompanied by his aides, Commanders Escalona and José María Escolástico Andrade (1782-1876), to see to control the situation but is received with a rifle shot. Sucre was killed but suffered serious injuries to his right arm and head. A Revolutionary Junta was formed headed by Casimiro Olañeta (1795-1860), President of the Congress, that did not find popular support. Colonel Francisco López de Quiroga (1787-1838), Prefect of Potosí, came promptly and managed to quell the revolt. Once order was restored, General José María Pérez de Urdininea (1784-1865), head of the Council of Ministers, was in charge of command on 1828-05-04. General Agustín Gamarra (1785-1841) invaded the country under the pretext of helping Sucre, but was rejected by the people and had to return to his country (1828-07-06). Sucre convalescing awaited the meeting of Congress in 1828-08-03 to, as he had determined long ago, to present his resignation to his lifetime Presidency. From Arica he embarked back to Quito. General José María Pérez de Urdininea (1784-1865), head of the Council of Ministers, took charge of the command on 1828-05-04. General Agustín Gamarra (1785-1841) invaded the country under the pretext of helping Sucre, but was rejected by the people and had to return to his country (1828-07-06). Sucre convalescing awaited the meeting of Congress in 1828-08-03 to, as he had determined long ago, to present his resignation to his lifetime Presidency. From Arica he embarked back to Quito. General José María Pérez de Urdininea (1784-1865), head of the Council of Ministers, took charge of the command on 1828-05-04. General Agustín Gamarra (1785-1841) invaded the country under the pretext of helping Sucre, but was rejected by the people and had to return to his country (1828-07-06). Sucre convalescing awaited the meeting of Congress in 1828-08-03 to, as he had determined long ago, to present his resignation to his lifetime Presidency. From Arica he embarked back to Quito. present his resignation to his lifetime Presidency. From Arica he embarked back to Quito. present his resignation to his lifetime Presidency. From Arica he embarked back to Quito. 1828-05-08 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá "Philological Society" is established in Bogotá. In reaction to Bolívar's behavior, a group of young revolutionaries founded the «Philological Society» in Bogotá. It was a facade to cover up conspiratorial meetings of its members, among whom were (ages in parentheses): Luis Vargas Tejada (26), Ezequiel Rojas (25), Florentino González (23), Wenceslao Zuláibar (24), Pedro Celestino Azuero (21), Juan Miguel Acevedo (20), Agustín Horment (29), Mariano Ospina Rodríguez (23), Ramón Nonato Guerra (27) and Pedro Carujo (26). The latter was the leader of the conspiracy of 1828-09-25. Somehow involved in these seditious adventures was a mysterious old French man named Juan Francisco Arganyl, then in his 70s, whose background and interest in the risky concert are unknown. 1828-06-06 New Kingdom of Granada, Ocaña Blockade in the Ocaña Convention. Discussions within the Ocaña Convention reached an impasse due to intransigence of the supporters of Bolívar and Santander. With the resources of the independent deputies who tried to act as conciliators exhausted, on 1828-06-05 the conventionists Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840), Francisco Soto (1789-1846), and Vicente Azuero (1787-1844) raised two memorials offering to withdraw from the assembly as a means to break up the discussions, memorials that were passed to the study of a commission. The conventionists of the Santander party then proposed an addendum to the Constitution of 1821 that also did not take effect while the discussions continued. Those of the Bolivarian party, certain that their project would be defeated in a vote, they chose to withdraw en bloc to leave the assembly without a quorum, thus forcing its dissolution. Such they did on 1828-06-10. 1828-06-11 New Kingdom of Granada, Ocaña Closure of the Ocaña Convention. Without a quorum to continue deliberating after the abandonment of the assembly by the Bolivarian deputies the day before, the remaining deputation closed the Great Convention of Ocaña without achieving any result. Thus, the Constitution of 1821 presumably remained in force, with a President (Simón Bolívar) invested with extraordinary powers and a Vice President (Francisco de Paula Santander) relegated to recess from 1827-09-10. Vice-president Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) went to Cúcuta and from there began his return to Bogotá without haste; He arrived at his Hacienda de Hatogrande on 1828-08-09 and remained there until 1828-08-25, when he traveled to Bogotá. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) had arrived in the capital, coming from Bucaramanga, on 1828-06-24. 1828-06-13 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bogotá chooses to ignore decisions of the Ocaña Convention. Convened by Colonel Pedro Alcántara Herrán (1800-1872), Mayor and General Commander of Cundinamarca, an assembly of notables from Bogotá met in the lower gallery of the former headquarters of the Royal Customs known as 'Casa de los Portales', in the southeastern corner of the Plaza Mayor, and decided that the acts emanating from the Great Convention of Ocaña be unknown, the powers granted to the deputies sent by the capital be revoked, and the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) be charged of the supreme command of the nation with full powers to govern it. The minutes that were drawn up were submitted by Mayor Herrán for the consideration of the Council of Ministers, which considered"... very well founded and of urgent necessity the pronouncement of the capital." Soon similar pronouncements began to flow into Bogotá from all corners of the country, with which Bolívar considered himself authorized to proclaim himself Dictator on 1828-08-27. 1828-06-24 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar back in Bogotá. Absent since 1828-03-14, when he left the capital on a journey to the north of the Department of Cundinamarca, and after staying for more than two months in Bucaramanga attentive to the development of the Convention of Ocaña, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783- 1830) returns to the capital. Received by a crowd gathered in the Plaza Mayor, the welcoming speeches proclaimed the need for the Liberator-President to retake the leadership of the country with the program of a strong government. Bolívar assumed his high office and implicitly agreed to exercise command without limitations:"... The Great Convention was dissolved on the eleventh of this month and almost at the same time the people of Bogotá, as if inspired by the Divinity, met to deal with the good of the Republic. We have a will, they said: 'That this be do '; We have a son:' Let this son come and take charge of the government. 'I therefore wish to fill your votes; and I am willing to sacrifice myself to fulfill your will ... " Vice President Santander remained in Cúcuta and just returned to Bogotá on 1828-08-25. 1828-07-03 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar threatens Peru. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar, irritated by Peru's abuses and lack of consideration - such as sending José Villa, secretary and accomplice of the traitor Juan de Berindoaga (1784-1826), Viscount of San Donás, as ambassador - promises to defend from the invasive claims of Peru to the inhabitants of southern Colombia. Bolívar writes, "... My presence among you will be the sign of combat ..." . 1828-07-15 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Colombia makes claims to Peru. The government of Colombia reproaches the government of Peru for its conduct against Colombia. 1828-07-28 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Santander execution farce. In the absence of the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) and on the occasion of the celebration of his forty-fifth birthday, his beloved Manuelita Sáenz (1797-1856), officiating as the host of a social gathering at Quinta de Bolívar, led the mock execution of a puppet representing Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840). Some of those present volunteered to actively participate in the cruel parody: the Spanish Canon Francisco Javier Guerra de Mier (1779-1843) simulated the administration of the last Catholic rites, and the Irish Colonel Richard J. Crofton commanded the platoon of grenadiers. General José María Córdova (1799-1830) bitterly criticized the incident in a letter to Bolívar, to no apparent effect. 1828-08-03 Bolivia, Chuquisaca Installation of the Congress of Bolivia. Sucre resigns the Presidency. The Bolivian Congress meeting in ordinary sessions, the Grand Marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830), retired from the government since the attempt on his life (1828-04-18) while trying to quell the mutiny of his military garrison in Chuquisaca and still convalescing from his wounds, he sent his resignation to the post of President for Life (announced from the moment of his acceptance, in 1826-) and appointed General Andrés de Santa Cruz (1762-1865) as successor. Accepted that his resignation was his, Sucre went to Arica from where he embarked for Quito. He landed in Guayaquil on 1828-09-19 to continue to Quito, where he arrived on 1828-09-30. 1828-08-25 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Santander back in Bogotá. Absent since 1828-02-16, when he left the capital on a trip to Ocaña as a deputy for Bogotá to the Great Convention, Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) returned to the city. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) had done the same from Bucaramanga on 1829-06-24. 1828-08-27 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar, Dictator of Colombia; Santander, dispossessed of the Vice Presidency. The Liberator-President promulgates Organic Decree (which he called "Fundamental Law" ) by which the Dictatorship takes over and renders the Constitution of Cúcuta of 1821 invalid. It invests itself with full powers to reorganize the nation and entrusts the preservation of civil rights to a Council of State. He summons a new National Assembly that will meet in Bogotá from 1830-01-02 in order to adopt a new Constitution to replace the one repealed. He appoints José María del Castillo y Rada (1776-1833) as President of the Council of Ministers, with the functions of Vice President, which motivates the constitutional Vice President Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) to officially address the 1828-09-01 to Minister of the Interior José Manuel Restrepo (1781-1863) to ask if he should consider his position suppressed, he asks which on 1828-09-04 he answers by the affirmative: "... SE[The Liberator-President] has ordered me to tell VS in reply that the Vice Presidency has been suppressed by the provisions of the Organic Decree of last August 27 [1828-08-27] and that, therefore, he is no longer VS Vice President from Colombia ..." 1828-08-31 Ecuador, Guayaquil Naval action in the Guayaquil estuary, favorable to the Peruvians. 1828-09-10 Peru, El Callao Sucre offers to mediate between Peru and Colombia. The Grand M ariscal of Ayacucho Antonio de Ayacucho José de Sucre (1795-1830), aboard the frigate Porcospín, departed in the port of El Callao on his way back from Bolivia and on the way to Guayaquil, offers his good offices to the government of Peru in favor of an understanding between Peru and Colombia. Unable to sign the document containing his offer, as a result of the injury received in the attack of 1828-04-18, his aide José Escolástico Andrade (1782-1876) did it for him. 1828-09-11 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Santander, appointed Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States. Suppressed the Vice Presidency by effect of the Organic Decree of 1828-08-27 - by which the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) assumed the Dictatorship, left the Constitution of Cúcuta of 1821 without force and self-invested in plenary sessions powers to reorganize the nation - in 1828-09-11 the Minister of Foreign Relations Estanislao Vergara (1790-1855) communicated to Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) the appointment as Extraordinary Envoy and Minister Plenipotentiary of Colombia before the government of the United States. Santander accepts the position and requests a reasonable period of time to put its personal affairs in order before leaving the country. He appoints the young Luis Vargas Tejada (1802-1829) to accompany him as Secretary. 1828-09-13 Peru, Lima President of Peru leaves Lima to command campaign against Guayaquil. Peruvian President General José de La Mar (1776-1830) heads north to take command of the troops in the field over Guayaquil. 1828-09-19 Ecuador, Guayaquil Sucre in Guayaquil. The Grand M ariscal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre, resigned his life Presidency of Bolivia in 1828-08-03 and embarked days later from Arica, disembarks in Guayaquil where he is the object of a cordial reception. In a note to the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar indicates that he has found his appointment there as a negotiator before Peru and has deemed it appropriate to propose mediation by the United States. After a few days he continues to Quito, where he arrives on 1828-09-30. 1828-09-25 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Attempt against the life of the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar. At midnight, 1828-09-25, a plan was carried out in the Colombian capital, badly contrived and worse executed by some young people grouped in what they called " Philological Society.", facade of their seditious activities, to attempt against the life of the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830). The courage and presence of mind of Manuela Sáenz (1797-1856), lover of the Liberator, allowed Bolívar to escape unscathed. His aide William Fergusson (1800-1828), assassinated by Pedro Carujo (1801-1836), and his young assistant Andrés Ibarra (1807-1875), who was slightly injured, did not suffer the same fate. General Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840), who was suspected of being involved in the failed attack, was detained in preventive custody at the home of General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845) after attending the Plaza Mayor to find out about the news. Those responsible for the attack fled. 1828-09-27 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Santander, prisoner. General Francisco de Paula Santander, who had been confined since the early hours of 1828-09-26 in the house of General Rafael Urdaneta, was taken to the Colegio de Ordered, an old seminary of the Capuchin Fathers located in San Victorino. From there he spent days afterwards to the barracks of the Mounted Grenadier Squadron, where he remained until 1828-11-12, incommunicado and at the disposal of the blood court investigating the events of the night of 1828-09-25. 1828-09-29 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá First results of the investigation for the events of 1828-09-25. After a summary trial by the blood court, investigating the events of the night of 1828-09-25, the conspirators Agustín Horment (1799-1828), Wenceslao Zuláibar (1804-) were found guilty and sentenced to death. 1828), Captain Rudesindo Silva (1797-1828), Lieutenant Cayetano Galindo (1800-1828) and Artillery Lieutenant José Ignacio López (a. Lopótez; 1796-1828)). Those sentenced were shot in the Plaza Mayor the next day at noon. Colonel Ramón Nonato Guerra (1797-1828) was sentenced to eight years in prison, and the young Pedro Celestino Azuero (1807-1828) was acquitted. These last dispositions aggravated the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar, who proceeded to dissolve the court and remove General Joaquín París (1795-1868) from the Comandancia de Cundinamarca to replace him by General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845), then Minister of War and Navy, while General José María Córdova (1799 -1829) was temporarily in charge of that portfolio. Urdaneta was the only Examining Judge, with Colonel Tomás Barriga y Brito (1773-1836) as Auditor of War. The reconformed court first addressed the review of the War and Azuero sentences, declaring them guilty and issuing death sentences; It was an unlawful procedure, in flagrant violation of the old legal principle that prohibits repeating trials in the same case. The same court also sentenced Admiral José Prudencio Padilla (1784-1828) to death, who, having been imprisoned at the time of the events, was oblivious to them. In what was interpreted as taking advantage of the occasion to settle old scores, officers Padilla and Guerra were shot on 1828-10-02. 1828-10-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Sucre, Superior Chief of the Departments of Quito, Guayaquil and Azuay. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar designates the Grand M ariscal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) as Superior Chief of the Departments of Quito, Guayaquil and Azuay. 1828-10-12 New Kingdom of Granada, Valle del Patía Obando and López rise up against the Dictatorship in Patía. Colonels José María Obando (1795-1861) and José Hilario López (1798) learned of the failed 1828-09-25 attempt against the life of the Liberator-President, from the Hacienda 'Las Piedras' owned by Obando in the Patía Valley. -1869) speak out against the Dictatorship and proclaim the validity of the Constitution of Cúcuta. Colonel Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera (1798-1878), Commander General of Cauca, tried to reconcile spirits by sending Colonel Lino de Pombo O'Donell (1797-1862), deputy chief of staff, to parley. Obando did not accept any arrangement. Mosquera sent notice to Bolívar. 1828-10-23 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Voluntary appearance (previously negotiated in exchange for a guarantee on his life) of the conspiratorial chief Pedro Carujo (1801-1836) before the General Commander of the Department of Cundinamarca and Examining Judge, General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845). The recognized leader of the conspiracy had been in hiding since the night of the attack (1828-09-25) against the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830). Forty-eight hours of interrogation failed to extract from Carujo testimony that General Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) was involved; but the threat of not respecting the agreement to guarantee his life finally inclined Carujo to admit that he had informed Santander about the imminence of the attack through the also conspirator Florentino González (1805-1874). From the subsequent proceedings of confrontation between Santander, Carujo, and González, together with indications obtained from a previous similar diligence between Santander and Guerra, the Investigating Judge Urdaneta used to build the case against the previous Vice President, whom Urdaneta himself and himself Liberator-President had been implicated in the conspiracy from the beginning. General Santander, condemned as he was beforehand, was formally condemned in 1828-11-07. 1828-11-07 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Santander, sentenced to death. Through a judgment signed by General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845), Commander General of the Department of Cundinamarca and Investigating Judge in the investigation of the events of the night of 1828-09-25, and by the War Auditor colonel Tomás Barriga y Brito (1773-1836), General Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840), former Vice President of the Republic, is declared guilty of the crime of participating in the conspiracy against the life of the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830). Consequently, Santander is sentenced to the death penalty, after degradation in addition to the confiscation of its assets in favor of the State. In 1828-11-10, the Liberator-President, with a favorable opinion from his Council of Ministers, granted General Santander a pardon and commuted his death sentence to exile. 1828-11-10 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar pardons Santander and commutes his death sentence. In a concept signed by the Ministers José María del Castillo y Rada (1776-1833), Estanislao Vergara (1790-1855), Nicolás Manuel Tanco (1774-1851) and José María Córdova (1799-1829), the Council of Ministers believes that the sentence delivered in 1828-11-07 against General Santander is fair and in accordance with the law, while considering that "... the discontented, the little warned, the evil and those who in such cases always judge against the Government would watch the execution as unfair, as excessively severe, and perhaps as biased and vindictive . " For this reason, the Council of Ministers advises the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar to commute the death penalty to that of"... dismissal from the job of a general and estrangement from the territory of the Republic, with a prohibition to set foot on its territory without being allowed by a special grace of the Supreme Government." Sailing dangerously between the two waters of fear of the dictator's avenging fury and loyalty to the former Vice President who was his boss and partner in the high government, the Council managed to save the life of General Santander. The Liberator-President was forced by this concept of his Ministers to grant a pardon to his old friend turned enemy. 1828-11-15 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Santander leaves Bogotá for exile. General Francisco de Paula Santander leaves the capital for exile via Cartagena. He is accompanied by his brother-in-law, Colonel José María Briceño Méndez (1797-1836), his young secretary Francisco Evangelista González and three servants. Santander was led in the middle of an escort under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Genaro Montebrunne di Filangieri (b. 1785, Naples), a supporter of Bolívar but a chivalrous officer whose behavior with the prisoner gave no cause for complaint. The long journey took them through Guaduas (1828-11-19) and Honda, where they embarked to continue along the Magdalena River to Pasacaballos (1828-12-04). There they received an emissary from General Mariano Montilla with instructions to lead the prisoner directly to the fortress of San Fernando de Bocachica, without entering Cartagena."... in an excessively humid room ... where there was not even a bad stool, nor a bad table; this room was surrounded by sentries, in addition to those that had the fortress; he and his servants were forbidden to speak to anyone some of the garrison; he was communicated only with Colonel [José María] Briceño, his brother-in-law, who every eight days would go to Cartagena to bring him relief, but the commander of the fort had to witness the visit. " Santander remained in this prison until 1829-06-16, when he was embarked for Puerto Cabello. 1828-11-18 New Kingdom of Granada, Chía Bolívar leaves Bogotá to rest in Chía. To rest a little and take distance from the events of recent months, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar leaves the capital for the nearby town of Chía. He was probably thinking of a longer season, but serious events in southern New Granada called him back to the capital in just a few days. In 1828-11-23 he returned to Bogotá. 1828-11-23 New Kingdom of Granada, Chía Bolívar, back in the capital. In 1828-11-18, to rest and distance himself from the events of recent months, the Liberator-President had left the capital for the nearby town of Chía. He was probably thinking of a longer season, but events in southern New Granada called him back to the capital after just a few days, on 1828-11-23. It was necessary to take immediate measures to try to contain the uprising of colonels José María Obando and Jose Hilario López in Cauca, an uprising directed directly against the Bolívar dictatorship and demanding a return to constitutional channels. In 1828-12-28 Bolívar left for the south of the New Kingdom of Granada, from where he would not return until 1830-01-15 to install the "Admirable Congress . " 1828-12-24 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar convenes a Constituent Congress in Bogotá. Decree of the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar calling for a Constituent Congress, which will meet in Bogotá from 1830-01-02. 1828-12-28 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar leaves for the south of Colombia. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar leaves the Colombian capital to go south to the New Kingdom of Granada, where he is called by the subversion led by the rebel colonels José Hilario López and José María Obando, and the imminent war against Peru. Travel via Purificación (1829-01-01), Neiva ( 1829-01-0 6), La Plata ( 1829-01-0 9), Popayán ( 1829-01-23 ). Bolívar will hardly return to Bogotá in 1830-01-15 to install the "Admirable Congress" ; then he will resign the supreme command of the Colombian union, before continuing to the Atlantic Coast and to his death. 1829-02-01 Ecuador, Guayaquil Peruvian occupation of Guayaquil. The port surrenders to the Peruvian squad consisting of the frigate «Presidente» (52 guns), the corvette «Libertad» (24), the brig «Congreso» (20), the corvettes «Arequipeña», «Pichincha» and «Peruviana », In addition to several gunboats. The traitor José María Obando (1795-1861) detained in Juanambú the troops who, under the command of the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), came to the defense of Guayaquil. In unequal combat the porteños managed to kill the invading commander, Vice Admiral Martin George Guisse (1780-1829), and sink his frigate. The Peruvians, in turn, killed Commander Dávalos in Daule and General José Mires (c1785-1829) in Samborondón. 1829-02-10 Ecuador, Cuenca Peruvian occupation of Cuenca. At the command of a Peruvian column, Colonel Pedro Benigno Raulet (1792-1829) seized Cuenca. 1829-02-12 Ecuador, Saraguro Action in Saraguro. General José de La Mar, President of Peru, with 4,500 men had invaded Colombian territory through Loja and General Agustín Gamarra had joined him near Saraguro with 3,200 soldiers. The Grand Marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre advanced on them along the Nabón road with about 4,400 troops, which caused them to deviate towards Girón with the intention of seizing Cuenca behind the back of the Venezuelan leader. Sucre retreated towards Cuenca but beforehand he ordered Colonel Luis Urdaneta to attack the rear of the invaders, causing some 1,300 men to flee towards Loja. The main corps of both armies met at the Portete de Tarqui on 1829-02-27 with an overwhelming victory for Sucre. 1829-02-27 Ecuador, Cuenca Action at the Portete de Tarqui. In some gorges in the mountains near Cuenca, the invading Peruvian army under the command of Generals José de La Mar (1776-1830) and Agustín Gamarra (1785-1841) collide with the Colombian troops of the Grand Marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830). Sucre's victory, faced with a numerically superior army and commanded by several of his subordinates in Peru, was swift and forceful. His second-in-command, Brigadier Juan José Flores (1800-1864), distinguished himself especially and was therefore promoted by Sucre on the field itself to major general. Generous as always, Sucre granted the Peruvians an overly honorable capitulation that was signed the next day at Girón. It was not fully fulfilled by the defeated, that they refused to return immediately to Guayaquil. La Mar had to return with a quarter of the eight thousand men with whom he tried to seize Guayaquil, and upon reaching Lima he was deposed and deported. President La Mar was succeeded by General Antonio Gutiérrez de La Fuente (1796-1878), who condemned the war against Colombia. La Mar, outlawed, went to Central America to die. To adjust the peace treaty, Peru appointed José de Larrea y Loredo (1780-1830), friend of Bolívar and his Minister of Finance who was in Lima, 1825-1826; Colombia was represented by Pedro Gual y Escandón (1783-1862). The United States was the referee. After the war ended, after a campaign that lasted a total of thirty days, Sucre again retired from active military life. This was to be his last military service. La Mar had to return with a quarter of the eight thousand men with whom he tried to seize Guayaquil, and upon reaching Lima he was deposed and deported. President La Mar was succeeded by General Antonio Gutiérrez de La Fuente (1796-1878), who condemned the war against Colombia. La Mar, outlawed, went to Central America to die. To adjust the peace treaty, Peru appointed José de Larrea y Loredo (1780-1830), friend of Bolívar and his Minister of Finance who was in Lima, 1825-1826; Colombia was represented by Pedro Gual y Escandón (1783-1862). The United States was the referee. After the war ended, after a campaign that lasted a total of thirty days, Sucre again retired from active military life. This was to be his last military service. La Mar had to return with a quarter of the eight thousand men with whom he tried to seize Guayaquil, and when he arrived in Lima he was deposed and deported. President La Mar was succeeded by General Antonio Gutiérrez de La Fuente (1796-1878), who condemned the war against Colombia. La Mar, outlawed, went to Central America to die. To adjust the peace treaty, Peru appointed José de Larrea y Loredo (1780-1830), friend of Bolívar and his Minister of Finance who was in Lima, 1825-1826; Colombia was represented by Pedro Gual y Escandón (1783-1862). The United States was the referee. After the war ended, after a campaign that lasted a total of thirty days, Sucre again retired from active military life. This was to be his last military service. President La Mar was succeeded by General Antonio Gutiérrez de La Fuente (1796-1878), who condemned the war against Colombia. La Mar, outlawed, went to Central America to die. To adjust the peace treaty, Peru appointed José de Larrea y Loredo (1780-1830), friend of Bolívar and his Minister of Finance who was in Lima, 1825-1826; Colombia was represented by Pedro Gual y Escandón (1783-1862). The United States was the referee. After the war ended, after a campaign that lasted a total of thirty days, Sucre again retired from active military life. This was to be his last military service. President La Mar was succeeded by General Antonio Gutiérrez de La Fuente (1796-1878), who condemned the war against Colombia. La Mar, outlawed, went to Central America to die. To adjust the peace treaty, Peru appointed José de Larrea y Loredo (1780-1830), friend of Bolívar and his Minister of Finance who was in Lima, 1825-1826; Colombia was represented by Pedro Gual y Escandón (1783-1862). The United States was the referee. After the war ended, after a campaign that lasted a total of thirty days, Sucre again retired from active military life. This was to be his last military service. Colombia was represented by Pedro Gual y Escandón (1783-1862). The United States was the referee. After the war ended, after a campaign that lasted a total of thirty days, Sucre again retired from active military life. This was to be his last military service. Colombia was represented by Pedro Gual y Escandón (1783-1862). The United States was the referee. After the war ended, after a campaign that lasted a total of thirty days, Sucre again retired from active military life. This was to be his last military service. 1829-03-11 Ecuador, Guayaquil Peru refuses to hand over the Guayaquil plaza. Ignoring the Girón Agreement ( 1829-02-28 ), subsequent to the Colombian victory in the action of the Portete de Tarqui (1829-02-27), the Peruvians refuse to return Guayaquil to Colombia. 1829-06-06 Peru, Piura La Mar forced to resign from command, deported to Guayaquil. President and Commander in Chief of the Peruvian Army General José de La Mar (1776-1830), defeated by the Grand M ariscal of Ayacucho Antonio Jose de Sucre (1795-1830) in the action of the Portete de Tarqui ( 1829-02- 27 ), is forced to resign by his junior officers. Claiming his status as a foreigner (La Mar was born in Cuenca, Presidency of Quito), in 1829-06-09 he was deported to Guayaquil. 1829-06-16 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Santander, sent to Puerto Cabello. General Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840), who left Bogotá in 1828-11-15 bound for exile via Cartagena de Indias and imprisoned in Cartagena de Indias from 1828-12-04, is embarked on the frigate of "Cundinamarca" war towards Puerto Cabello, where it arrived after a long and difficult journey in 1829-08-19. Still without a passport to leave the country, Santander turned to General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) to intercede with the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1793-1830), asking for better treatment in his prison. In an unexpected gesture of nobility by the Venezuelan chief, despite a long-standing enmity with the applicant, he ordered the immediate extension of the indispensable document that finally allowed Santander to embark for Europe on 1829-08-27, almost nine months after leaving Bogotá. 1829-06-28 Ecuador, Samborondón Action in Samborondón; defeat of the Peruvians. General Agustín Gamarra, successor of the outlaw General José de La Mar as Commander-in-Chief of the Peruvian army after his resignation and subsequent expulsion to Costa Rica, proposes peace. 1829-06-30 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Notables of Bogotá in favor of monarchy for Colombia. Board of notable people (civil, military and ecclesiastical) agrees in Bogotá to try to form national public opinion in favor of a monarchy. 1829-07-10 Peru, Piura Armistice between Colombia and Peru. Colombia and Peru agree to an armistice for a period of forty days, while peace is arranged between the two countries. To adjust the corresponding treaty, Peru appointed José Larrea y Loredo (1780-1830), a friend of the Liberator-President and his Minister of Finance who was in Lima; Nuevo Reino de Granada, meanwhile, was represented by Pedro Gual. The United States acted as arbitrator. 1829-07-13 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Córdova, Minister of the Navy. In an attempt to appease his seditious spirit and by order of the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), the young general José María Córdova (1799-1829) is in charge of the Ministry of the Navy. 1829-07-13 Ecuador, Buijo Bolívar finds the idea of monarchies in America inconvenient. Letter from the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) to Minister Estanislao Vergara (1790-1855) on the perspectives of America, forms of government and inconveniences for a monarchy in these countries. 1829-07-21 Ecuador, Guayaquil Colombia recovers Guayaquil, held by the Peruvians for more than six months (from 1829-02-01). The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar, who arrives at the port from the nearby town of Buijo, is received in triumph. 1829-08-13 New Kingdom of Granada, Popayán Córdova leaves the General Command in Cauca. General José María Córdova (1799-1829), Commander General of Cauca, informs the Minister of War, General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845), about the arrival in Popayán of Colonel José Escolástico Andrade (1782-1876), assigned by the Liberator-President to relieve Córdova in the General Command. Cordova writes that Andrade arrived on 1829-08-11 and that the day after the communication (1829-08-14) he will hand over the Command. Córdova should have traveled to Bogotá, to assume the Ministry of the Navy for which he had been appointed by order of the Liberator-President himself in an effort to appease his already known indisposition towards the government. Instead, he went to his native province, from where he declared himself in open rebellion (Medellín, 1829-09-16). 1829-08-27 Venezuela, Puerto Cabello Santander embarks for Hamburg. Prisoner in Cartagena de Indias since 1828-12-04 and recently arrived in Puerto Cabello on 1829-08-19, after unexpectedly obtaining from General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) the passport that he had been requesting in vain from the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), General Francisco de Paula Santander (1792-1840) embarked for Europe aboard the merchant brig "María" , under the Hamburg flag and under the command of Captain JJ Ney. His young secretary Francisco Evangelista González and his servants travel with him. Ezequiel Rojas (1803-1873) also embarks with them. After forty-eight days of travel, they arrived in Hamburg on 1829-10-15. 1829-08-31 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá Minister of the Interior invites Colombia to pronounce on form of government. Following instructions from the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), the Minister of the Interior José Manuel Restrepo (1781-1863) directs Circular to the Electoral Colleges that are preparing to appoint their deputies to the National Assembly called to meet from the first day of 1830 in Bogotá. They are asked "... to state frankly and liberally what the national opinion is regarding the form of government, the Code to be enacted and the appointment of the Head of the Nation." In communication to General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) on the same matter, Bolívar told the Llanero chief that the opportunity was propitious to urge the Venezuelan people to speak out without paying attention to any other consideration than the national good; that he himself refrained from making any indication, determined as he was not to continue in supreme command; and that he was confident that the "Admirable Congress" (as he called the one convened from 1828-12-24 to meet in Bogotá at the beginning of the year 1830) would know how to fulfill its duty to "... reconstitute society or, as it were , give it a different existence. " These communications were made public in the Popular Assembly held in Caracas on 1829-11-25 and gave the occasion for the separatist pronouncement the following day. 1829-09-03 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá The Council of Ministers authorizes the exploration of the possibility of a monarchy for Colombia. In Bogotá, the Council of Ministers is in favor of the establishment of a constitutional monarchy in Colombia. Authorizes the Minister of Foreign Affairs Estanislao Vergara (1790-1855) to discuss the issue with agents from France and England. 1829-09-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Antioquia, Rionegro Córdova declares himself in rebellion against the Bolívar dictatorship. On the precise day of his thirtieth birthday, the young general José María Córdova (1799-1829) arrives in his native region (he was born in La Concepción, a small town in the jurisdiction of Rionegro). He has just left the General Command of the Department of Cauca and although he has been appointed Minister of the Navy (and is expected in Bogotá to take possession of his new post), General Córdova intends to declare himself in absentia against the dictatorial government of the Liberator-President . During a celebration on the night of his birthday, the hero of Ayacucho clearly expressed his revolutionary intentions thereby sealing his fate. From then on, events unfolded with such rapidity that by 1829-10-17 everything had concluded with his tragic death. 1829-09-16 New Kingdom of Granada, Medellín Córdova incites a popular rebellion against the government. General José María Córdova (1799-1829) publishes in Medellín the "Manifesto that General Córdova presents to Colombians to inform them of the reasons and purpose of his pronouncement" , where he incites the population to rebel against the dictatorial government of the Liberator -President Simón Bolívar. 1829-09-22 Ecuador, Guayaquil The peace treaty between Colombia and Peru is signed in Guayaquil. The Government and Congress of Peru confirmed and ratified it in Lima on 1829-10-16, as communicated by the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar to the government of Colombia from Ibarra (1829-11-01). 1829-09-27 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Rebellion of Córdova. The government appoints General Daniel F. O'Leary (1802-1854) to command a Division of the army to march to subdue the young general José María Córdova (1799-1829) declared in absentia from Medellín on 1829-09-16 , and who has occupied his native Province of Antioquia. 1829-10-16 Peru, Lima Congress of Peru approves peace with Colombia. The Government and Congress of Peru confirm and ratify in Lima the peace treaty between Colombia and Peru signed in Guayaquil on 1829-09-22. This is how the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar communicates it to the Colombian government from Ibarra (1829-11-01). 1829-10-17 New Kingdom of Granada, Antioquia, Sanctuary Military action in Sanctuary (Antioquia) concludes with the murder of Córdova. General Daniel F. O'Leary (1802-1854) in command of the national government troops defeats General José María Córdova (1799-1829), who took up arms from Medellín on 1829-09-16 against the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar . Wounded in action, the Granada hero (born 1799-09-08) seeks refuge in a barn next to the theater of events. His young life and brilliant military career meet an ignominious end when Córdova, wounded and defenseless, is finished off in cold blood by the infamous Irish soldier of fortune Colonel Rupert Hand (c1800-d1846). 1829-10-28 Ecuador, Quito Flores, General Prefect of the Southern District. In consideration of the fact that the Grand Marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) has ceased his functions as General Prefect of the Southern District for having been elected deputy to the "Admirable Congress" that will meet in Bogotá from 1830-01 -02, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) appointed General Juan José Flores (1800-1864) in his replacement, extending his military jurisdiction to the Department of Cauca and keeping him as Commander in Chief of the Army of the South. 1829-10-29 Ecuador, Quito Bolívar leaves Quito on his way back to Bogotá. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) left Quito for his return to Bogotá, where he arrived on 1830-01-15. He traveled through Ibarra (1829-11-01), Popayán (1829-11-21), Cali (1829-12-24), Buga (1829-12-27), Bogotá (1830-01-15). 1829-11-17 Venezuela, Puerto Cabello Puerto Cabello requests separation from Colombia. Act of Puerto Cabello requesting his separation from Colombia. Follow that of Valencia, in 1829-11-23. 1829-11-22 New Kingdom of Granada, Popayán Bolívar asks to suspend negotiations on the monarchy. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar addresses the Minister of Foreign Affairs Estanislao Vergara (1790-1855) preventing the Council of Ministers from suspending all negotiations on the monarchy, to leave the next Congress to meet the decision on the best interests of the nation. 1829-11-26 Venezuela, Caracas Caracas requests the separation of Colombia. Páez threatens Bolívar. Received in Venezuela the Circular of 1829-08-31 from the Minister of the Interior of Colombia José Manuel Restrepo (1781-1863) and the communication from the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), signed on 1829-09-13 in Guayaquil, "... inviting all citizens and corporations to formally and solemnly express their opinions ..." regarding the reforms that in his opinion should be introduced by the "Admirable Congress"(convened from 1828-12-24 to meet in Bogotá from 1830-01-02) for the benefit of the country, the Superior Chief of Venezuela General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) instructed General Juan Bautista Arismendi (1775 -1841) to meet a Popular Assembly in the Convent of San Francisco de Caracas (1829-11-25 to 1829-11-26). Bolívar's letter was interpreted as an invitation to separate Venezuela from the Colombian union, which was carried out without delay. In this regard, a record was drawn up ( "Declaration of the City of Caracas" ) in which, with the signature of four hundred and eighty-six assistants, the "... separation [of the Department of Venezuela]of the government of Bogotá and ignorance of the authority of General Bolívar, although always maintaining peace, friendship and harmony with his brothers from the Central and South Departments of the New Kingdom of Granada, to enter to establish and agree on what suits their common interests ... " Consequently, Páez wrote to Bolívar to express his intention to defend Venezuelan sovereignty with arms, if necessary; warning that, if Bolívar objected, a guerrilla war would be ignited in Venezuela with the possible consequence that "... perhaps this soil would become Spanish, because the committed would throw themselves into the arms of anyone who offered them protection ..." Vice Admiral Charles E. Fleeming (1774-1840), Commander of the British fleet in the West Indies, offered support to the Venezuelan insurgents. 1829-12-08 Venezuela, Caracas Páez reports on the Venezuelan environment in favor of the separation of Colombia. General José Antonio Páez informs the Minister of State of Colombia about the political ideas reigning in Venezuela, all favorable to the separation. 1829-12-15 New Kingdom of Granada, Popayán Bolívar asks Páez for efforts to preserve the Colombian union. In transit from Quito to Bogotá, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) wrote to General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) inviting him to make an effort in favor of the preservation of the Colombian union. He tells him that, for his part, he will refrain from expressing opinions and will resign the Presidency of Colombia to accept only the job of General in Chief of the army. 1830-01-13 Venezuela, Caracas Convocation of the Constituent Congress in Venezuela. General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873), Civil and Military Chief of Venezuela, issues decrees calling the Constituent Congress of Venezuela and establishing a transitional government, with three Secretariats: Interior, Justice and Police: Miguel Peña (1781- 1833); Finance and Foreign Relations: Diego Bautista Urbaneja (1782-1856); War and Navy: Carlos Soublette (1789-1870). Vicente Lecuna was appointed to the Caracas Prefecture. 1830-01-15 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar in Bogotá. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar enters Bogotá (from where he had left since 1828-12-28), coming from Quito. The Constituent Congress of the New Kingdom of Granada, originally convened for 1830-01-02, has been deliberating since 1830-01-05. Caracas has declared itself independent from the government of Bogotá since 1829-11-26. 1830-01-20 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá Installation of the Constituent Congress. Following the solemn Te Deum in the Cathedral of Bogotá, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), who arrived in the capital in 1830-01-15, installed what he himself called "Admirable Congress" , convened for 1830-01 -02 and in deliberation since 1830-01-05. Bolívar proceeds to present his formal resignation to the position of President Dictator, "... Colombians: Today I have stopped commanding you ... Fearing that I will be considered as an obstacle to establishing the Republic on the true basis of its happiness, I myself have precipitated the High Magistracy to which your goodness had elevated me ... " In concluding, after reiterating that he never aspired for a throne, he urges his fellow citizens to maintain the union for the salvation of the homeland, "... On behalf of Colombia I ask you, I beg you to remain united so that you are not the murderers of the Fatherland and yours executioners themselves ... " Venezuela abstained from attending Congress, in an attitude that in fact materialized its break with the central government (declared by the Popular Assembly in Caracas, 1829-11-15) and initiated the dismemberment of the Colombian union. Bolívar's dream had lasted barely a decade. The Grand Marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) was elected President of an assembly that had to solve the two fundamental problems of the moment: a) the maintenance of the Colombian union despite the threat of secession from Venezuela; and, b) the eventual election of the successor of Bolívar before his irrevocable resolution to leave the supreme command. For the first, a Commission was formed to travel to Venezuela to meet with General José Antonio Páez, which was integrated by the same Grand Marshal Sucre, the Bishop of Santa Marta José María Estévez, and the lawyer Francisco Aranda. As for the succession of the Liberator, for the moment his resignation was not considered as Congress decided to postpone its decision. 1830-02-17 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Commission of the Congress of Colombia leaves for Venezuela. The Commission formed by the Constituent Congress of Colombia to travel to the neighboring Department of Venezuela in order to convince General José Antonio Páez to send deputies to its meetings leaves the capital. It is made up of the Gran M ariscal de Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830), the Bishop of Santa Marta José María Estévez (1780-1834), and the lawyer Francisco Aranda (1798-1873). The Commission was returned from Tariba, eight leagues into Venezuela, by order of General Páez and urged to wait in Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta for the Venezuelan delegation. The two representations met in 1830-04-18 without reaching any solution, so the Commissioners chose to return to Bogotá where they arrived at the beginning of 1830-05. 1830-03-01 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar delegates the Executive Power and retires to rest in Fucha. Claiming health problems, the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) delegates the Executive Power to General Domingo Caicedo (1783-1843), Minister of Foreign Affairs, whom he designates as Interim President of the Council of Ministers to replace the incumbent José María del Castillo y Rada (1776-1833), deputy for Cartagena to the "Admirable Congress . " In 1830-03-02, Bolívar withdrew to seek his reestablishment in the Quinta de Fucha, owned by General Caicedo himself, located to the southwest of the capital. 1830-03-20 Venezuela, La Grita Venezuela prevents the entry of Commissioners of the Congress of Colombia. The refusal of the Venezuelan authorities to allow the entry of the Commission of the Constituent Congress of Colombia meeting in Bogotá determines the Commissioners - Grand M ariscal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830), Bishop of Santa Marta José María Estévez ( 1780-1834), and Licentiate Francisco Aranda (1798-1873) - to return to Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta. They agree to wait there for the delegates of General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873), who come on 1830-04-18. 1830-04-18 New Kingdom of Granada, Villa del Rosario de Cúcuta The Colombian Congress Commission meets with delegates from Venezuela. The meetings between the Commission of the Congress of Colombia and the delegates of General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873) begin: General Santiago Mariño (1788-1854), Martín Tovar Ponte (1772-1843) and Ignacio Fernández Peña (1781-1849 ; Prebendado de la Catedral de Mérida), replacing Andrés Narvarte (1781-1853) who excused himself for health reasons. The Venezuelan delegation maintained an intransigent refusal to accept any approach other than the recognition of the independence of the Department of Venezuela until now. They proposed the formation of three autonomous states, which would later find a way to link up. Seeking to avoid foreseeable later confrontations, the Great M ariscal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) proposed that it be stipulated that no general employed between 1820 and 1830 could be President or Vice President. The talks were suspended the following day (1830-04-19) without reaching any agreement. The Commissioners of the Colombian Congress undertook to return to Bogotá, where they arrived beginning in 1830-05. 1830-04-27 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar insists on his resignation from the Presidency of Colombia. The Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) in a "Special Message" to the Colombian Congress insists on his determination to resign from the First Magistracy, "... I have deemed it appropriate to reiterate my repeated protests not to accept again the First Magistracy of the State even when you will honor me with your votes ... " Congress chooses to accept this time the repeated resignation of the Liberator and on 1830-05-04 designates Joaquín Mosquera (1787-1878) to succeed him, with General Domingo Caicedo (1783-1843) as Vice President. . 1830-05-04 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Congress accepts Bolívar's resignation and names successor. The Congress of the New Kingdom of Granada, in compliance with the decision to resign from his high office, expressed by the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar since the installation of the Constituent Congress in 1830-01-20 and reiterated in 1830-04-27, designates Joaquín Mosquera (1787-1878) as President - by 34 votes to 14 obtained by Dr. Eusebio María Canabal - with Vice President General Domingo Caicedo (1783-1843). 1830-05-05 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Congress of Colombia approves the new Constitution. The Constituent Congress of the New Kingdom of Granada, meeting in Bogotá from 1830-01-20, approved the new Constitution for a Gran Colombia in agony, with the Department of Venezuela already separated in fact (1829-11-26) and the Department of Quito next to do it (1830-05-13). Having accomplished its main purpose, it will close its sessions on 1830-05-11. 1830-05-06 Venezuela, Valencia Installation of the Constituent Congress of Venezuela. It is chaired by Francisco Javier Yanes (1777-1842), with the Vice-presidency of Andrés Narvarte (1781-1853). 45 deputies attended representing the Provinces of Guayana, Cumaná, Barcelona, Margarita, Caracas, Carabobo, Coro, Apure, Barinas, Mérida, and Maracaibo. The deputies Carlos Soublette, José Grau, Eduardo Antonio Hurtado, Andrés Narvarte, Juan José Osio, José María Tellería, José E. Gallegos, Juan de Dios Picón and Juan José Pulido made up the Drafting Committee of the Constitution Project. The text approved on 1830-09-22 following, with 228 articles, was sanctioned two days later by the provisional President, General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873). 1830-05-08 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Bolívar leaves the Colombian capital. Accepted on 1830-05-04 by the Congress of Colombia his resignation to the Presidency of the New Kingdom of Granada, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) leaves Bogotá. Depressed by the turn of recent events - apparently particularly mortified by the acceptance of her resignation, presented so many times throughout her public life but always in the certainty that she was not going to be admitted - and her health due to notorious bankruptcies, the now ex-President Bolívar leaves the Colombian capital in the direction of the Atlantic Coast. He goes into exile, in what would be his last trip as he died in Santa Marta in 1830-12-17. 1830-05-09 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá The Colombian Congress expresses its gratitude to the Liberator. By decree of 1830-05-09, the Congress of the New Kingdom of Granada, on behalf of the Nation, pays tribute of gratitude and admiration to the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) and orders that he begin to enjoy the life pension that for the sum of thirty thousand pesos a year was decreed in his favor on 1823-07-19. From Turbaco, on 1830-06-16, Bolívar acknowledged receipt of a note dated 1826-05-28 by which the Secretary of the Treasury José Ignacio de Márquez (1793-1880) communicated the decree. 1830-05-11 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá The Constituent Congress convened by the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar from 1828-12-24 to meet in Bogotá from 1830-01-02, and which was installed by himself in 1830 -01-20, closing sessions. 1830-05-13 Ecuador, Quito The Republic of Ecuador is born. At the request of the Municipal Attorney of Quito, Dr. Ramón Miño, and under the influence of General Juan José Flores (1800-1864), General José María Sáenz (1798-1861), Prefect of the Department of Ecuador, summoned already notable corporations from the city of Quito to an Extraordinary Cabildo to deal with matters related to the separation of the Southern District from Gran Colombia. In the halls of the old University of Santo Tomás de Aquino, before San Gregorio,"... one hundred and twenty characters, the most notable patricians of the city, including old heroes escaped from the dungeons, as well as the superiors of the religious communities, signed with great joy the act that came to be like the birth certificate of the State Ecuadorian " . Right there it was asked to convene a Constituent Assembly and until its meeting the appointment of Juan José Flores as Supreme Chief was determined. Flores issued the convocation decree on 1830-05-31. 1830-05-28 Venezuela, Valencia Prohibition of the Liberator in Venezuela. The Constituent Congress of Venezuela installed in Valencia since 1830-05-06 proscribes the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) from Colombia, stating that there will be no possible arrangement with the neighboring sister Nation while Bolívar remains on his soil: "... But Venezuela, who has been taught to be prudent by a series of evils of all kinds, who sees in General Simón Bolívar the origin of them and who still trembles when considering the risk that he has run of being his patrimony forever, a protest that they will not have place the proposed arrangements while the Liberator remains in the territory of Colombia ... " The President of the Congress of Venezuela Francisco Javier Yanes (1777-1842) officially communicates this to his counterpart from the New Kingdom of Granada, Vicente Antonio Borrero y Costa (1784-1877). The new President of Colombia Joaquin Mosquera (1787-1878) instructs his Secretary of the Interior Vicente Azuero (1787-1844) so that the pronouncement of the Venezuelan Congress is officially communicated to the Liberator; Azuero proceeds - so that the Liberator "... is informed of this remarkable circumstance, so that it can influence the happiness of the Nation and because of the importance it has with the glory of Your Excellency ..." - by 1830-07-18 that reaches Bolívar in Cartagena, on an unspecified day of the first fortnight of 1830-08. 1830-05-30 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá New Constitution for Colombia enters into force. General Domingo Caicedo (1783-1843), Vice President and in Charge of the Executive Power in the absence of the incumbent President Joaquín Mosquera (1787-1878), sanctions the new Constitution of the New Kingdom of Granada, approved on 1830-05-05 within the "Admirable Congress"met in Bogotá between 1830-01-20 and 1830-05-11. The assistance of a group of prominent jurists and the experience of ten years of republican life gave the framework to a rule that was somewhat more complete, precise and clear than the Constitution of Cúcuta of 1821. But this last effort to maintain the fractured Colombian union did not come to fruition. have validity beyond the borders of the old New Granada. Barely forty-eight deputies participated in the deliberations: 31 from Granada, 10 from Quito, and 7 from Venezuela. 1830-05-31 Ecuador, Quito Convocation of the Constituent Assembly in Ecuador. In compliance with what was agreed in the Extraordinary Council meeting in Quito on 1830-05-13, on 1830-05-31 General Juan José Flores (1800-1864), provisional Civil and Military Chief of the new Ecuadorian State, signed a decree of convocation to a Constituent Assembly, which was to meet from 1830-08-10 in the city of Riobamba, at the headquarters of the Minor Convent of the Dominican Fathers. Due to organizational difficulties and delays in the transfer of the deputies to Riobamba, the Constituent Assembly opened sessions only in 1830-08-14, with the attendance of 20 deputies. 1830-06-04 New Kingdom of Granada, Mountains of Beríritu Assassination of Sucre. The Grand Marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) is ambushed and pierced by murderous bullets in the mountains of Beríritu, north of Pasto. He was on his way to his home in Quito, back from the "Admirable Congress"gathered in the Colombian capital between 1830-01-20 and 1830-05-11. Sucre had left Bogotá on 1830-05-09, the day after the departure of the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) but in the opposite direction. He was traveling in the company of the deputy for Cuenca José Andrés Antonio García Trélles (1799-?) And two assistants, surnames Caicedo and Colmenares. The travelers had slept on 1830-06-02 in the sale of José Erazo, a veteran realist guerrilla, in Salto de Mayo; and the next day they arrived at the Ventaquemada site, where, surprisingly, they met Erazo again, whom they believed they had left behind. At eight o'clock in the morning of 1830-06-04 Sucre began his way to death. Half a league later, at the point called «La Jacoba» (or «El Cabuyal»), the Grand Marshal was ambushed and fell from his horse after receiving a bullet in the chest and two more in the head. The crime was never clarified. Years later (1839-1842) Apolinar Morillo, José Erazo, Juan Gregorio Sarria, a certain Cusco, and two Rodríguez guys were sentenced as material authors. The intellectual authorship was attributed to the generals José María Obando (1795-1861) and Juan José Flores (1800-1864), both presumed beneficiaries of his death and who did not stop incriminating each other. 1830-06-09 New Kingdom of Granada, Turbaco Bolívar congratulates President Mosquera. In a letter dated 1830-06-09 addressed from Turbaco to President Joaquín Mosquera (1787-1878) in Bogotá, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) congratulated the new President while expressing his surprise at the fact that he had accepted a position that will bring you troubles. He clarifies that it is not true that he did not want to be named as his successor and that he had nothing to do with the insurrection of the militia corps at the time of his departure from the capital:"... I have preached order and unity; I have also tried to set an example. I have told everyone what I think; and I always think the same thing. I am for unity and integrity. I am not for divisions or parties. I am, in short, the man you have known since the year of [18] 14 ... " In postscript, he adds: " I have not left because I have not received my passport, but I am leaving without fail When it comes." 1830-06-13 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá Possession of President Mosquera. Joaquín Mosquera (1787-1878), elected on 1830-05-04 by the Colombian Congress as successor to the Liberator-President Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) in the Presidency of the New Kingdom of Granada, swore in his high office. It hardly remains in it until 1830-08-04. 1830-06-16 New Kingdom of Granada, Turbaco Bolívar receives news of the decree of thanks from the Colombian Congress. By decree of 1830-05-09, the Congress of the New Kingdom of Granada, on behalf of the Colombian nation, pays tribute of gratitude and admiration to the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) and confirms the lifetime pension for the sum of thirty thousand annual pesos decreed in his favor by the Congress of Colombia on 1823-07-23. 1830-06-24 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Bolívar arrives in Cartagena. Acknowledge receipt of the passport essential to leave the country. In a letter written to President Joaquín Mosquera from Cartagena, where he arrives that day from Turbaco, the Liberator Simón Bolívar acknowledges receipt of the passport that allows him to leave the country and declares himself willing to embark abroad as soon as possible. It remains in Cartagena until 1830-10-01, when it leaves in the direction of Santa Marta. 1830-07-01 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Bolívar receives the news of the murder of Sucre. While resting in a country house near the Cerro de La Popa, in the night hours of 1830-07-01 the Liberator receives the news of the murder of the Grand Marshal of Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830) in the mountain of Beríritu, Province of Pasto, early in the morning of 1830-06-04. 1830-08-04 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Bogotá Resignation of President Mosquera. Joaquín Mosquera (1787-1878) resigned from the office of President of the Republic, for which he was elected on 1830-05-04 and the one he had sworn in only on 1830-06-13. Vice President Domingo Caicedo (1783-1843) assumes his functions for the time being. 1830-08-11 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Uprising of the Callao Battalion. The Callao Battalion on the march to Tunja under the command of Colonel Florencio Jiménez (1789-1851) revolts against the constitutional government. At the Altura del Aguila, near Zipaquirá, he defeats a government column and from there he goes to Chía, on his way back to the capital, which he accesses via Techo. The rebels demanded that General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845) be appointed Minister of War. In 1830-08-27 he beat the official troops in the vicinity of Cerro de El Santuario. 1830-08-14 Ecuador, Riobamba Constituent Assembly begins sessions in Ecuador. Attending the convocation of 1830-05-31 of General Juan José Flores (1800-1864), provisional Civil and Military Chief of the new Ecuadorian State, meets at the headquarters of the Minor Convent of the Holy Rosary of the Dominican Fathers in the city of Riobamba. Constituent Assembly. It should have met from 1830-08-10 but, due to organizational difficulties and delays in the transfer of the deputies to Riobamba, it only opened sessions in 1830-08-14, under the Presidency of the distinguished Quito jurist José Fernández Salvador (1775 -1853) and with the assistance of twenty deputies representing the Provinces of Cuenca, Chimborazo, Guayas, Loja, Manabí and Pichincha. The Constitution, made up of a preamble and 75 articles, was approved on 1830-09-11. The same day, 1830-08-27 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Action at El Santuario. Fall of the constitutional government of Colombia. In the Sabana de Bogotá, about four leagues from the capital, the Callao Battalion under the command of Colonel Florencio Jiménez (1789-1851), in revolt since the beginning of the month, defeats the government forces, forcing him to capitulate the next day. President Joaquín Mosquera (1787-1878) leaves the country for the United States; Vice President Domingo Caicedo (1783-1843) also leaves his post to take refuge in his Hacienda de Saldaña, in Tolima. General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845) is temporarily in charge of the Executive Power while waiting for the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), who left Bogota from 1830-05-08 on his way to Cartagena de Indias, whom in 1830-09 -05 sends a message urging his return to the capital. 1830-09-05 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Urdaneta, in charge of the Executive Power, calls Bolívar. General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845), Minister of War, called to do so by the troops rebelled against the constitutional government as well as by some portion of the capital's population, temporarily assumes the Head of State pending the return of the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830), who left Bogotá from 1830-05-08 in the direction of the Atlantic Coast, whom he calls urgently to return to the capital to regain supreme power. 1830-09-18 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Bolívar is willing to support the government as a citizen and as a soldier. From Cartagena de Indias, Bolívar officially answers the call of 1830-09-05 from General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845), interim Head of State from 1830-08-27 as a result of the triumph of the rebel Callao Battalion against the government troops in the confrontation at Cerro de El Santuario:"... Of course I will set out for that capital to reiterate my solemn protests to obey the laws and the currently constituted authorities, until the constitutional elections provide us with the benefits of a legislative body and the new magistrates who give us the votes. Until that desired moment arrives, I will serve only as a citizen and as a soldier. ... " And, in a private letter of the same date, he wrote to General Urdaneta himself: " ... As much as I have wanted to surrender to the arguments and exhortations of the Commissioners themselves[Colonels Vicente Piñeres and Julián Santamaría, sent from Bogotá by Urdaneta with the Acts of 1830-09-02 and 1830-09-05 by which the municipality of the capital calls the Liberator to preside over the destinies of the nation] , of The friends that are in this country, and even from the letters received from Bogotá, it has not been possible for me to decide to accept a command that has no other titles than two minutes of two Municipal Councils. Also, Mr. [Joaquín]Mosquera has not renounced his title and tomorrow he will be recognized in another part of the legitimate President. ... Then he will be the legitimate President and I will be the usurper. I cannot reduce myself to this situation, no matter how hard I try to control my disgust. ... As a citizen and as a soldier I offer my services to the Republic; none will be more zealous in serving it, and I will support the government with all my influence and all my strength. ... " 1830-09-22 Venezuela, Valencia Approval of the Constitution of Venezuela. The Constituent Congress of Venezuela, installed in Valencia from 1830-05-06, under the Presidency of Francisco Javier Yanes (1777-1842), with Vice-Presidency of Andrés Narvarte (1781-1853), approves the new Constitution for the Republic of Venezuela. The Constituent Congress was attended by 45 deputies representing the provinces of Guayana, Cumaná, Barcelona, Margarita, Caracas, Carabobo, Coro, Apure, Barinas, Mérida, and Maracaibo. The deputies Carlos Soublette, José Grau, Eduardo Antonio Hurtado, Andrés Narvarte, Juan José Osio, José María Tellería, José E. Gallegos, Juan de Dios Picón and Juan José Pulido made up the Drafting Committee of the Constitution Project. The text approved on 1830-09-22 below, with 228 articles, was sanctioned two days later by the provisional President, General José Antonio Páez (1790-1873). The solemn promulgation of the Constitution took place in the city's Plaza Mayor, on 1830-10-22. 1830-09-23 Ecuador, Riobamba New Constitution for Ecuador. President Juan José Flores (1800-1864) signs the Constitution of Ecuador, prepared by the Constituent Assembly meeting in Riobamba from 1830-08-14. The Constitution, made up of a preamble and 75 articles, was approved on 1830-09-11. On the same day, by 19 votes of the 20 cast, the Assembly appointed Venezuelan General Juan José Flores as President of the State of Ecuador, who signed on 1830-09-23 the Political Charter of the new State. 1830-09-25 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Bolívar refuses to return to Bogotá. In a letter addressed from Cartagena de Indias to the Minister of the Interior Estanislao Vergara (1790-1855), the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) ignored the call of General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845), in charge of the Headquarters of the State, to resume the Presidency of Colombia and expresses its unwillingness to return to Bogotá:"... you demand that I go to Bogotá to consummate a usurpation that the extraordinary Gazette has revealed without disguising or in a comma the nature of the attack. No, my friend. I cannot go, nor am I obliged to This is because no one should be forced to act against their conscience and the laws. Nor have I contributed in the least thing to this reaction, nor have I committed anyone to do it. If I were to reap the fruits of this insurrection, I would I bear all your responsibility. Believe me: I have never looked favorably on insurrections; and lately I have deplored even the one we have done against the Spanish. ... " 1830-09-28 New Kingdom of Granada, Bogotá Urdaneta blames Obando y López for the murder of Sucre. General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845), in charge of the Executive Power, pronounces in a proclamation pointing out that Generals José María Obando (1795-1861) and José Hilario López (1798-1869) have been the instigators of the murder of the Grand Marshal from Ayacucho Antonio José de Sucre (1795-1830), fatally ambushed in Beríritu on 1830-06-04. 1830-10-01 New Kingdom of Granada, Cartagena de Indias Bolívar leaves Cartagena for Santa Marta. The Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) leaves Cartagena, where he had arrived from 1830-06-24, to go to Santa Marta. Due to the poor state of his health, which visibly deteriorates as the days go by, he stopped in Soledad, near Barranquilla, between 1830-10-15 and 1830-11-08. Then he stayed for several days in Barranquilla, and just arrived in Santa Marta on 1830-12-01. 1830-11-16 Nuevo Reino de Granada, Barranquilla Pessimistic balance of his actions and disheartened glimpse into the future of America. In a letter from Barranquilla to General Juan José Flores (1800-1864) in Quito, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) formulates a pessimistic balance of his executions throughout the preceding two decades and a disheartened glimpse into the future of America:"... You know that I have commanded twenty years, and from them I have not obtained more than a few certain results: 1. America is ungovernable for us; 2. He who serves a revolution plows at sea; 3. The The only thing that can be done in America is to emigrate; 4. This country will infallibly fall into the hands of the unbridled multitude and then pass to almost imperceptible tyrannies of all colors and races; 5. Devoured by all crimes and extinguished by ferocity, Europeans will not deign to conquer us; 6. If it were possible for a part of the world to revert to primitive chaos, this would be the last period of America ... " 1830-11-16 New Kingdom of Granada, Barranquilla Bolívar deplores break with Santander. In a letter from Barranquilla to General Rafael Urdaneta (1788-1845) in Bogotá, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) asked that Brigadier Justo Briceño Otálora (1792-1868), Governor of the Socorro Province, be promoted to Division General, with whom Urdaneta has a disagreement that Bolívar is trying to remedy: "... a good composition is better than a thousand lawsuits won; I have seen it palpably, as they say: not having composed with Santander has lost us all ..." 1830-12-01 New Kingdom of Granada, Santa Marta Bolívar in Santa Marta. Left Cartagena exactly two months ago, the poor health of the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) forced prolonged and successive stops in Soledad and Barranquilla before arriving in Santa Marta on 1830-12-01. A few days later, on 1830-12-06, he accepted a hospitable offer from the Spaniard Joaquín de Mier y Benítez (1787-1861), a Spaniard living in the region and owner of the Hacienda de San Pedro Alejandrino , and left for that peaceful place located in the outskirts of the city, which was considered more suitable to his delicate physical condition. 1830-12-10 New Kingdom of Granada, Santa Marta Bolívar grants a will and says goodbye to the Colombians. Dying, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) receives a visit from the Bishop of Santa Marta José María Estévez (1780-1834) with the purpose of administering the holy oils, for which the patient does not consider the time to have come. He agrees to grant his will and dictates what would be his last Proclamation to Colombians : "... Colombians! My last votes are for the happiness of the Homeland. If my death contributes to the parties ceasing and the union being consolidated, I will go down quiet to the grave. " Later that day, urged by his doctor, he agrees to receive the holy oils by the priest of the neighboring parish of Mamatoco. 1830-12-17 New Kingdom of Granada, Santa Marta Death of the Liberator. At forty-seven years of age, the Liberator Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) died in Santa Marta, around one in the afternoon on December 17, 1830, assisted since his arrival in the city by the French doctor Alejandro Próspero Révérend (1796-1881) and surrounded on his deathbed by a few officers and servants. Bolívar was born in Caracas (1783-07-24) and had married in Madrid (1802-05-26) with María Teresa Rodríguez del Toro y Alayza (1781-1803), a marriage without descendants and from which he became widowed after a few months (1803-01-22, Caracas). He did not remarry.
